Table 4.

Presence of meaning as a mediator of ethnic identity and outcomes

	Self-esteem			Acad. utility			Acad. value			Intrinsic motiv.			Daily happy			Daily distress
	b	SE	β	b	SE	β	b	SE	β	b	SE	β	b	SE	β	b	SE	β
Step 1
SES	.01	.04	.01	−.11	.04	−.11*	−.02	.04	−.02	−.14	.05	−.12**	−.04	.04	−.04	−.01	.03	−.02
Latin Am.	−.26	.09	−.17**	.18	.10	.11†	.07	.10	.05	.17	.12	.08	−.13	.10	−.09	−.10	.07	−.09
Asian Am.	−.36	.08	−.24***	.25	.09	.15**	.21	.09	.14*	.14	.11	.07	−.21	.09	−.14*	.02	.06	.02
Gender	−.10	.06	−.07†	.04	.06	.02	.06	.06	.04	.13	.08	.07†	−.01	.06	−.01	.15	.05	.15***
Eth. belong.	.26	.03	.32***	.19	.04	.21***	.17	.04	.20***	.15	.05	.14***	.23	.04	.28***	−.07	.03	−.13**
Step 2
SES	.00	.04	.00	−.11	.04	−.12**	−.02	.04	−.02	−.15	.05	−.12**	−.05	.04	−.05	−.01	.03	−.01
Latin Am.	−.27	.09	−.17**	.18	.10	.11†	.07	.10	.04	.16	.12	.08	−.13	.10	−.09	−.10	.07	−.09
Asian Am.	−.36	.08	−.24***	.25	.09	.16**	.22	.09	.14*	.15	.11	.08	−.19	.08	−.13*	−.02	.06	.01
Gender	−.10	.06	−.07†	.04	.06	.02	.06	.06	.04	.13	.08	.07†	−.02	.06	−.01	.16	.04	.15***
Eth. belong.	.17	.03	.21***	.13	.04	.15***	.11	.04	.13**	.06	.05	.05	.17	.04	.21***	−.04	.03	−.07
Presence	.28	.03	.35***	.18	.04	.21***	.18	.04	.21***	.30	.04	.28***	.19	.04	.23***	−.10	.03	−.17***

Note: Ethnicity was dummy coded with European Americans as the reference group. Interactions between ethnicity and the mediator were examined but omitted since no interactions were significant. Effect sizes were as follows: Self-Esteem: R² = .12 for Step 1, ΔR² = .11 for Step 2 (p < .001); Utility: R² = .09 for Step 1, ΔR² = .04 for Step 2 (p < .001); Value: R² = .05 for Step 1, ΔR² = .04 for Step 2 (p < .001); Intrinsic: R² = .06 for Step 1, ΔR² = .07 for Step 2 (p < .001); Happiness: R² = .09 for Step 1, ΔR² = .05 for Step 2 (p < .001); Distress: R² = .05 for Step 1, ΔR² = .03 for Step 2 (p < .001)

^† p < .10, * p < .05, ** p < .01, *** p < .001