TABLE 2.
Language Performance Among 228 Matched Children (Means, Standard Deviations and Effect Sizes)
| Non-Snoring Controls (1) | Habitual Snoring (2) | Obstructive Sleep Apnea (3) | ANCOVA | p-value | Tukey HSD Post Hoc | Cohen's d |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (1) vs. (2) | (2) vs. (3) | (1) vs. (3) | |||||||
| Preschoolers | |||||||||
|
| |||||||||
| DAS Verbal Ability | 98.29 (12.43) | 98.83 (11.07) | 92.85 (10.68) | F(2,84)=0.042 | p=.959 | −0.05 | 0.55 | 0.48 | |
| Verbal comprehension | 46.58 (9.03) | 45.10 (6.92) | 41.97 (7.59) | F(2,82)=0.290 | p=.749 | 0.19 | 0.43 | 0.56 | |
| Naming vocabulary | 51.88 (7.80) | 53.45 (8.99) | 49.88 (8.88) | F(2,82)=0.511 | p=.602 | −0.18 | 0.40 | 0.24 | |
| NEPSY Language | 99.67 (15.86) | 98.86 (15.91) | 88.91 (15.60) | F(2,84)=0.723 | p=.488 | 0.05 | 0.63 | 0.68 | |
| Phonological Processing | 10.19 (3.19) | 10.14 (3.35) | 7.73 (3.73) | F(2,84)=6.817 | p=.575 | 0.01 | 0.68 | 0.71 | |
| Speeded Naming | 8.67 (2.97) | 9 (3.74) | 7.79 (4.14) | F(2,84)=1.847 | p=.164 | −0.10 | 0.31 | 0.24 | |
| Time (max. 5 min) | 2:27 (0:53) | 2:53 (1:06) | 2:44 (1:12) | F(2,81)=2.999 | p=.055 | −0.09 | −0.17 | −0.27 | |
| Accuracy (max. 60) | 56.88 (3.06) | 57.03 (4.97) | 52.06 (12.85) | F(2,80)=4.636 | p=.012 | NS | −0.04 | 0.55 | 0.57 |
| Comprehension of Instructions | 10.93 (2.59) | 10.28 (2.64) | 9.00 (3.25) | F(2,84)=4.013 | p=.022 | 1>3 (p=.026) | 0.25 | 0.43 | 0.65 |
|
| |||||||||
| Schoolaged | |||||||||
|
| |||||||||
| DAS Verbal Ability | 101.86 (16.89) | 95.89 (14.19) | 90.27 (12.25) | F(2,132)=4.255 | p=.016 | 1>2 (p=.004) 2>3 (p=.012) 1>3 (p=.000) |
0.38 | 0.42 | 0.78 |
| Word Definitions | 52.78 (10.57) | 48.85 (8.44) | 45.30 (10.81) | F(2,132)=3.361 | p=.038 | 1>3 (p=.002) | 0.41 | 0.37 | 0.70 |
| Similarities | 50.02 (11.24) | 46.87 (10.53) | 43.62 (6.04) | F(2,132)=1.191 | p=.152 | 0.29 | 0.38 | 0.72 | |
| NEPSY Language | 96.98 (17.61) | 97.19 (19.15) | 94.11 (17.29) | F(2,127)=0.685 | p=.506 | −0.02 | 0.18 | 0.16 | |
| Phonological Processing | 9.12 (3.91) | 9.62 (3.88) | 8.25 (4.12) | F(2,132)=0.931 | p=.397 | −0.13 | 0.22 | 0.34 | |
| Speeded Naming | 8.90 (3.89) | 9.11 (3.43) | 9.08 (3.81) | F(2,127)=1.409 | p=.248 | −0.06 | 0.01 | −0.05 | |
| Time (max. 5 min) | 2:07 (0:50) | 1:52 (0:44) | 2:02 (0:48) | F(2,125)=1.447 | p=.239 | 0.30 | −0.21 | 0.09 | |
| Accuracy (max. 60) | 55.7 (6.7) | 55.2 (6.6) | 56.2 (5.63) | F(2,215)=0.984 | p=.376 | 0.08 | −0.08 | −0.16 | |
| Comprehension of Instructions | 10.35 (2.92) | 9.79 (2.61) | 9.05 (2.84) | F(2,132)=0.400 | p=.672 | 0.20 | 0.27 | 0.45 | |
| PPVT-III† Receptive Vocabulary | 99.51 (15.90) | 95.87 (12.93) | 93.56 (13.57) | F(2,131)=0.321 | p=.726 | 0.25 | 0.17 | 0.40 | |
| EVT† Expressive Vocabulary | 100.65 (14.85) | 94.34 (13.62) | 91.72 (13.37) | F(2,132)=2.603 | p=.078 | 0.44 | 0.19 | 0.63 | |
| PPVT-III & EVT comparison score$ | −2.83 (17.56) | 2.71 (16.26) | 2.06 (15.96) | F(2,51)=0.490 | p=.615 | −0.33 | 0.04 | −0.29 | |
Note. Standard deviations presented in parentheses. NS= not significant; DAS = Differential Abilities Scale; PPVT-III = Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, 3rd edition; EVT = Expressive Vocabulary Test
†
was not administered to preschoolers
$
only when score was significantly different