Table 2.

Phase 1: Comparison of Intelligence, Wisdom, and Spirituality (N = 30 respondents)

	Friedman’s test			Pairwise AUC
	χ2	df	p	I vs. W	I vs. S	W vs. S
Question
Q1—The concept can be applied to human beings	3.8	2	0.1496	0.53	0.55	0.50
Q2—The quality is rare in the general population	30.4	2	<0.0001	0.15*	0.52	0.92*
Q3—The quality is a trait, not present or absent, but present to some degree in everyone	20.8	2	<0.0001	0.77*	0.75*	0.47
Q4—The quality can be enhanced through appropriate education	16.1	2	0.0003	0.65	0.78*	0.63
Q5—The quality can be enhanced through appropriate experiences	13.4	2	0.0013	0.27*	0.40	0.62
Q6—The quality requires learning from experiences	27.7	2	<0.0001	0.15*	0.48	0.83*
C1—Emotional regulation	34.1	2	<0.0001	0.07*	0.32	0.85*
C2—Rich knowledge of life	32.8	2	<0.0001	0.15*	0.50	0.95*
C3—Social cognition	36.9	2	<0.0001	0.05*	0.47	0.93*
C4—Tolerance of ambivalence	30.3	2	<0.0001	0.12*	0.53	0.88*
C5—Practical life skills	44.1	2	<0.0001	0.10*	0.72*	0.95*
C6—Pragmatic decision making	48.9	2	<0.0001	0.18*	0.90*	0.98*
C7—Altruism	44.9	2	<0.0001	0.00*	0.07*	0.58
C8—Empathy	49.0	2	<0.0001	0.00*	0.05*	0.72*
C9—Social cooperation	40.5	2	<0.0001	0.02*	0.33*	0.91*
C10—Value relativism	28.8	2	<0.0001	0.15*	0.55	0.88*
C11—Tolerance of differences among others	36.6	2	<0.0001	0.03*	0.42	0.87*
C12—A deep sense of a transcendent other or connection with a wider universe	51.6	2	<0.0001	0.08*	0.02*	0.13*
C13—Participation in religious services, rituals, and membership in a faith community	41.0	2	<0.0001	0.38	0.12*	0.15*
C14—Recognizing limits of one’s own knowledge	45.2	2	<0.0001	0.07*	0.78*	0.97*
C15—Sense of higher power	49.6	2	<0.0001	0.20*	0.03*	0.10*
C16—Sense of purpose in life	39.8	2	<0.0001	0.05*	0.10*	0.47
C17—Optimism	25.5	2	<0.0001	0.22*	0.17*	0.40
C18—Realism	33.8	2	<0.0001	0.23*	0.78*	0.93*
C19—Skepticism	33.1	2	<0.0001	0.53	0.87*	0.92*
C20—Successful coping strategies	23.9	2	<0.0001	0.17*	0.45	0.83*
C21—Resilience	31.0	2	<0.0001	0.08*	0.23*	0.70*
C22—Life satisfaction	37.1	2	<0.0001	0.10*	0.07*	0.45
C23—Generativity	36.5	2	<0.0001	0.08*	0.18*	0.70*
C24—Ego integrity	41.9	2	<0.0001	0.05*	0.07*	0.58
C25—Sense of peace with eventual death	42.3	2	<0.0001	0.05*	0.08*	0.35
C26—General sense of well-being	40.4	2	<0.0001	0.08*	0.07*	0.42
C27—Openness to new experience	30.0	2	<0.0001	0.15*	0.58	0.90*
C28—Desire for learning/knowledge	36.5	2	<0.0001	0.58	0.90*	0.90*
C29—Sense of humor	32.0	2	<0.0001	0.17*	0.48	0.92*
C30—Maturity gained with experience	43.6	2	<0.0001	0.05*	0.35	0.95*
C31—Other-centeredness	38.0	2	<0.0001	0.05*	0.10*	0.59
C32—Humility	36.4	2	<0.0001	0.03*	0.15*	0.62
C33—Gratitude	43.2	2	<0.0001	0.03*	0.07*	0.33
C34—Willingness to forgive others	42.9	2	<0.0001	0.03*	0.07*	0.48
C35—Ability to give good advice	42.8	2	<0.0001	0.07*	0.70	0.97*
C36—Self-compassion	34.7	2	<0.0001	0.10*	0.12*	0.45
C37—Mindfulness	27.5	2	<0.0001	0.17*	0.15*	0.47
C38—Reverence for nature	38.1	2	<0.0001	0.09*	0.09*	0.47
C39—Acceptance of uncertainty in life	30.1	2	<0.0001	0.05*	0.35	0.77*
C40—Self-reflection	35.9	2	<0.0001	0.07*	0.35	0.87*
C41—Self-insight	34.1	2	<0.0001	0.08*	0.45	0.91*
C42—Sense of justice or fairness	39.1	2	<0.0001	0.03*	0.32*	0.87*
C43—Nonattachment to the material world	40.4	2	<0.0001	0.08*	0.10*	0.23*
C44—Nonviolence	41.5	2	<0.0001	0.05*	0.07*	0.43
C45—Ethical conduct	34.9	2	<0.0001	0.08*	0.15*	0.65
C46—Calmness	39.3	2	<0.0001	0.08*	0.10*	0.53
C47—Self-esteem	6.3	2	0.0437	0.31	0.43	0.59

Notes: Bold values denote significant pairwise differences when there was no significant overall three-group difference on the Friedman’s test. AUC = area under the curve; I = intelligence; S = spirituality; W = wisdom.

* Significant (<.01) ranked sign test.