TABLE 1.
Baseline characteristics according to coffee consumption (1980)1
| Coffee consumption |
|||||
| Variable | 0 mL/d (0 cups/d) | 1–237 mL/d (1 cup/d) | 238–947 mL/d (1–3 cups/d) | ≥948 mL/d (≥4 cups/d) | All participants |
| Participants (n) | 20,673 | 7505 | 39,048 | 22,207 | 89,433 |
| Age (y) | 46 ± 72 | 46 ± 7 | 47 ± 7 | 46 ± 7 | 46 ± 7 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.7 ± 4.8 | 24.5 ± 4.6 | 24.2 ± 4.3 | 24.1 ± 4.1 | 24.3 ± 4.4 |
| Diuretic use (%) | 11 | 11 | 10 | 8 | 10 |
| History of hypertension (%) | 19 | 18 | 16 | 12 | 16 |
| Menopause (%) | 33 | 32 | 33 | 33 | 33 |
| Postmenopausal hormone use (%) | 22 | 22 | 21 | 18 | 20 |
| Alcohol (g/d) | 4.5 ± 9.1 | 5.5 ± 9.7 | 7.1 ± 10.7 | 7.2 ± 11.2 | 6.4 ± 10.5 |
| Total meat (servings/d) | 1.1 ± 0.7 | 1.2 ± 0.7 | 1.2 ± 0.7 | 1.3 ± 0.7 | 1.2 ± 0.7 |
| Seafood (servings/d) | 0.2 ± 0.2 | 0.2 ± 0.2 | 0.2 ± 0.2 | 0.2 ± 0.2 | 0.2 ± 0.2 |
| Low-fat dairy foods (servings/d) | 1.0 ± 1.1 | 0.9 ± 1.0 | 0.9 ± 1.0 | 0.8 ± 1.0 | 0.9 ± 1.0 |
| High-fat dairy foods (servings/d) | 1.4 ± 1.4 | 1.4 ± 1.3 | 1.4 ± 1.3 | 1.5 ± 1.4 | 1.4 ± 1.4 |
| Sugar-sweetened soft drinks (servings/d) | 0.4 ± 0.8 | 0.3 ± 0.6 | 0.3 ± 0.7 | 0.2 ± 0.7 | 0.3 ± 0.6 |
| Chocolate (servings/d) | 0.2 ± 0.4 | 0.2 ± 0.3 | 0.2 ± 0.3 | 0.2 ± 0.3 | 0.2 ± 0.3 |
| Total caffeine intake (mg/d) | 117 ± 116 | 150 ± 104 | 368 ± 115 | 794 ± 111 | 398 ± 275 |
| Tea (mL/d) | 355 ± 437 | 273 ± 382 | 218 ± 300 | 164 ± 300 | 246 ± 355 |
| Tea (cups/d) | 1.3 ± 1.6 | 1.0 ± 1.4 | 0.8 ± 1.1 | 0.6 ± 1.1 | 0.9 ± 1.3 |
1
Data, except for age, were directly standardized to the age distribution of each study sample. Statistical tests for the association between coffee consumption and covariates were all significant, P < 0.05.
2
Mean ± SD (all such values).