Expression of a constitutively active form of MAPK is sufficient to increase dendritic growth of cortical neurons. A, cortical neurons were transfected with a plasmid encoding a constitutively active form of MAPK (CA ERK2). The number of branch points and the total dendritic length were quantified 24 h after transfection. Ctrl, control. B, immunofluorescence staining of phosphorylated ERK1/2 (p-ERK1/2) and Myc showed a pronounced increase in phosphorylated ERK1/2 expression in transfected neurons compared with untransfected neurons. C, cortical neurons were transfected with a plasmid encoding a constitutively active form of PI3K (CA PI3K). The number of branch points and the total dendritic length were quantified 24 h after transfection. D, immunofluorescence staining of phosphorylated Akt (p-Akt) and Myc showed a marked enhancement of phosphorylated Akt expression in transfected neurons compared with untransfected neurons. Scale bars = 20 μm. Data in A and C are the mean ± S.E. of at least 180 neurons from five independent experiments. ***, p < 0.001; NS, not significantly different.