Table 1. HCC cases and controls by selected characteristics with ORs and 95% CIs.
| Case, N=207 (%) | Control, N=828 (%) | P-value a | OR (95% CI) b | OR (95% CI) c | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | |||||
| Male | 165 (79.7) | 660 (79.7) | — | — | |
| Female | 42 (20.3) | 168 (20.3) | — | — | |
| Age group (years) | |||||
| 30–39 | 6 (2.9) | 24 (2.9) | — | — | |
| 40–49 | 32 (15.4) | 128 (15.4) | — | — | |
| 50–59 | 85 (41.1) | 340 (41.1) | — | — | |
| 60–69 | 70 (33.8) | 280 (33.8) | — | — | |
| ⩾70 | 14 (6.8) | 56 (6.8) | — | — | |
| Marital status | |||||
| Coupled | 186 (89.7) | 784 (94.7) | 0.0104 | Reference | Reference |
| Single (bereaved or divorced or not married) | 21 (10.1) | 44 (5.3) | 2.01 (1.68–3.47) | 0.52 (0.18–1.46) | |
| Family income (US$ per month) | |||||
| ⩾4000 | 41 (19.8) | 459 (55.4) | <0.0001 | Reference | Reference |
| <4000 | 74 (35.8) | 235 (28.4) | 3.77 (2.48–5.73) | 4.26 (2.15–8.46) | |
| <2000 | 92 (44.4) | 134 (16.2) | 9.67 (6.19–15.09) | 9.03 (4.21–19.40) | |
| P-value for trend <0.0001 | |||||
| Lifetime alcohol intake (absolute alcohol concentration, g per day) | |||||
| <24 | 124 (59.9) | 632 (76.3) | <0.0001 | Reference | Reference |
| <48 | 23 (11.1) | 99 (12.0) | 1.21 (0.74–1.99) | 1.64 (0.66–4.06) | |
| ⩾48 | 60 (29.0) | 97 (11.7) | 3.29 (2.24–4.84) | 2.79 (1.34–5.80) | |
| P-value for trend 0.0052 | |||||
| Cigarette smoking | |||||
| Never | 74 (35.8) | 403 (48.7) | <0.0001 | Reference | Reference |
| Ever (current smoker or ex-smoker) | 133 (64.3) | 425 (51.3) | 1.74 (1.26–2.40) | 2.37 (1.17–4.79) | |
| <20 cigarettes per day | 46 (22.2) | 198 (23.9) | 1.29 (0.85–1.94) | 0.94 (0.45–1.97) | |
| ⩾20 cigarettes per day | 87 (42.0) | 227 (27.4) | 2.13 (1.49–3.03) | 2.37 (1.17–4.79) | |
| P-value for trend 0.0227 | |||||
| BMI (kg m −2 ) | |||||
| <25 | 155 (58.6) | 473 (47.9) | <0.0001 | Reference | Reference |
| 25–30 | 48 (23.2) | 309 (38.9) | 0.473 (0.332–0.674) | 0.49 (0.27–0.91) | |
| ⩾30 | 4 (1.9) | 25 (3.1) | 0.487 (0.165–1.436) | 0.18 (0.04–0.87) | |
| P-value for trend 0.0059 | |||||
| HbsAg | |||||
| Negative | 46 (22.2) | 781 (94.3) | <0.001 | Reference | Reference |
| Positive | 161 (77.8) | 47 (5.7) | 79.06 (48.04–130.13) | 149.33 (77.25–288.65) | |
| Anti-HCV antibody | |||||
| Negative | 183 (88.4) | 823 (99.4) | <0.001 | Reference | Reference |
| Positive | 24 (11.6) | 5 (0.6) | 23.54 (8.74–63.36) | 185.05 (51.61–663.45) | |
Abbreviations: HbsAg=serologic marker of hepatitis B virus surface antigen; anti-HCV antibody=serologic marker of hepatitis C virus antibody; BMI=body mass index; OR=odds ratio; 95% CI=95% confidence interval.
a
Gender- and age-adjusted Cochran–Mantel–Haenszel χ2-test.
b
Multiple logistic regression analysis adjusted for gender and age.
c
Multiple logistic regression analysis adjusted for gender, age, marital status, family income, lifetime alcohol intake, cigarette smoking, BMI, and positivity of HBsAg and anti-HCV as appropriate.