Table 2. Incidence rate ratios (IRR) and 95% CIs for colon and rectal cancer in men and women according to intake of total and individual wholegrain products, the Danish Diet, Cancer and Health study.
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Colon cancer
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Rectal cancer
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wholegrain product variables | No. of cases | Crude IRR (95% CI) a | Adjusted IRR (95% CI) b | No. of cases | Crude IRR (95% CI) a | Adjusted IRR (95% CI) c |
| Men | ||||||
| Total wholegrain products (per every 50 g increment) By categories of daily total wholegrain product intake (g per day) | 244 | 0.83 (0.76–0.92) | 0.85 (0.77–0.94) | 169 | 0.88 (0.79–0.98) | 0.90 (0.80–1.01) |
| Group 1: ⩽75 (g per day) | 61 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 32 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Group 2: 75 to ⩽115 (g per day) | 61 | 0.91 (0.64–1.30) | 0.95 (0.66–1.35) | 49 | 1.40 (0.90–2.19) | 1.45 (0.93–2.26) |
| Group 3: 115 to ⩽160 (g per day) | 46 | 0.66 (0.45–0.96) | 0.70 (0.47–1.03) | 30 | 0.81 (0.49–1.33) | 0.84 (0.51–1.39) |
| Group 4: >160 (g per day) | 76 | 0.56 (0.40–0.78) | 0.61 (0.43–0.86) | 58 | 0.82 (0.53–1.26) | 0.88 (0.57–1.36) |
| Wholegrain Rye bread (per every 25 g increment)d | 244 | 0.93 (0.87–1.00) | 0.94 (0.88–1.01) | 169 | 0.96 (0.88–1.04) | 0.97 (0.89–1.05) |
| Wholegrain bread (per every 25 g increment)d | 244 | 0.89 (0.82–0.96) | 0.89 (0.82–0.97) | 169 | 0.94 (0.86–1.03) | 0.95 (0.86–1.04) |
| Oatmeal (per every 25 g increment)d | 244 | 0.94 (0.77–1.15) | 0.95 (0.77–1.17) | 169 | 0.79 (0.61–1.03) | 0.80 (0.62–1.04) |
| Women | ||||||
| Total wholegrain products (per every 50 g increment) By categories of daily total wholegrain product intake (g per day) | 217 | 0.96 (0.86–1.07) | 0.98 (0.88–1.10) | 114 | 1.01 (0.87–1.18) | 1.02 (0.88–1.19) |
| Group 1: ⩽75 (g per day) | 57 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 38 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Group 2: 75 to ⩽115 (g per day) | 62 | 1.03 (0.72–1.47) | 1.08 (0.75–1.56) | 28 | 0.69 (0.43–1.13) | 0.70 (0.43–1.14) |
| Group 3: 115 to ⩽160 (g per day) | 47 | 1.05 (0.71–1.54) | 1.13 (0.77–1.67) | 16 | 0.54 (0.30–0.96) | 0.54 (0.30–0.97) |
| Group 4: >160 (g per day) | 51 | 0.85 (0.58–1.23) | 0.92 (0.63–1.35) | 32 | 0.80 (0.50–1.28) | 0.81 (0.50–1.30) |
| Wholegrain Rye bread (per every 25 g increment)d | 217 | 1.01 (0.92–1.10) | 1.01 (0.92–1.11) | 114 | 1.04 (0.92–1.17) | 1.04 (0.92–1.18) |
| Wholegrain bread (per every 25 g increment)d | 217 | 0.96 (0.89–1.05) | 0.97 (0.89–1.06) | 114 | 1.04 (0.94–1.16) | 1.05 (0.94–1.16) |
| Oatmeal (per every 25 g increment)d | 217 | 1.12 (0.91–1.38) | 1.14 (0.92–1.40) | 114 | 0.80 (0.58–1.11) | 0.81 (0.58–1.12) |
Abbreviations: IRR=incidence rate ratio; CI=confidence interval.
a
Unadjusted analysis.
b
Analysis adjusted for body mass index, alcohol intake, school education, intake of red and processed meat, use of hormone replacement therapy (women only) and leisure time physical activity.
c
Analysis adjusted for body mass index, alcohol intake, school education and intake of red and processed meat and use of hormone replacement therapy (women only).
d
The variables were mutually adjusted in analyses.