Table 2.

Results From Structural Equation Modeling of Relations Between the Fat Mass and Obesity-Associated (FTO) rs9939609 Genotype and Life-Course Data in the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966, 1965–1997

Model	β (×10−3)	Standard Error (×10−3)	Standardized β	P Value	Change, ‰	95% CI	Corresponding Change in Mean BMI, g/m2	95% CI
Maternal BMIa,b
FTO rs9939609 (additive model)	6.00	2.73	0.031	0.03	6.18	0.64, 12.0	143	14.9, 279
Maternal age, years	6.53	0.39	0.325	<0.001	6.75	5.94, 7.56	157	138, 176
Parity
0	Referent
1–3	20.1	4.34	0.150	<0.001	22.2	12.3, 33.1	516	285, 768
≥4	50.2	7.86	0.376	<0.001	65.2	41.6, 92.7	1,512	965, 2,150
Family SES at birth
I + II (professional)	Referent
III (skilled worker)	4.46	4.77	0.034	0.35	4.56	−4.78, 14.8	106	−111, 344
IV (unskilled worker)	11.8	5.76	0.088	0.04	12.5	0.51, 26.0	290	11.9, 602
V (farmer)	25.8	5.79	0.192	<0.001	29.4	15.5, 44.9	682	360, 1,042
BMI at birthb
FTO rs9939609 (additive model)	2.56	1.91	0.018	0.18	2.60	−1.18, 6.52	35.8	−16.3, 90.0
Sex (female vs. male)	−6.00	2.70	−0.062	0.03	−5.83	−10.7, −0.71	−80.4	−147, −9.80
Gestational age, weeks	15.2	0.89	0.288	<0.001	16.4	14.4, 18.5	227	199, 255
Log maternal BMI	0.11	0.01	0.155	<0.001	0.11	0.09, 0.14	1.60	1.20, 1.90
Maternal age, years	−0.51	0.31	−0.035	0.09	−0.51	−1.10, 0.09	−7.00	−15.2, 1.20
Parity
0	Referent
1–3	30.8	3.42	0.316	<0.001	36.0	27.2, 45.4	497	375, 627
≥4	43.6	5.53	0.447	<0.001	54.6	38.7, 72.3	753	534, 997
Maternal smoking
Nonsmoker	Referent
1–10 cigarettes/day	−11.9	4.45	−0.124	0.01	−11.2	−18.7, −3.16	−155	−257, −43.6
>10 cigarettes/day	−31.0	8.99	−0.317	0.001	−26.6	−38.5, −12.5	−367	−531, −172
Maternal blood pressure
Normotensive	Referent
Gestational hypertensionc	−18.1	4.04	−0.185	<0.001	−16.5	−22.9, −9.63	−228	−316, −133
Elevated systolic blood pressure	8.11	4.98	0.083	0.10	8.44	−1.64, 19.6	117	−22.7, 270
Elevated diastolic blood pressure	−1.68	5.52	−0.019	0.76	−1.66	−11.8, 9.57	−23.0	−162, 132
Not determined/not known	−3.57	4.81	−0.036	0.46	−3.51	−12.2, 6.03	−48.4	−168, 83.1
Family SES at birth
I + II (professional)	Referent
III (skilled worker)	−10.3	3.65	−0.106	0.01	−9.82	−16.1, −3.12	−136	−222, −43.1
IV (unskilled worker)	−15.6	4.19	−0.161	<0.001	−14.5	−21.2, −7.13	−199	−293, −98.3
V (farmer)	−15.3	4.29	−0.156	<0.001	−14.1	−21.1, −6.61	−195	−291, −91.2
BMI at age 14 yearsb
FTO rs9939609 (additive model)	4.83	2.88	0.026	0.09	4.95	−0.82, 11.1	96.1	−15.8, 214
Sex (female vs. male)	8.07	4.11	0.062	0.05	8.40	0.02, 17.5	163	0.40, 339
Log birth BMI	0.11	0.02	0.080	<0.001	0.11	0.06, 0.15	2.10	1.20, 2.90
Log maternal BMI	0.17	0.02	0.175	<0.001	0.17	0.14, 0.20	3.30	2.60, 3.90
Frequency of participation in sports at age 14 years
Daily	Referent
Every other day	1.60	6.47	0.013	0.80	1.61	−10.5, 15.4	31.3	−204, 298
Twice a week	0.99	6.21	0.007	0.87	1.00	−10.6, 14.1	19.3	−205, 273
Once a week	5.55	7.14	0.043	0.44	5.71	−8.11, 21.6	111	−157, 419
Less than once a week	−1.61	6.75	−0.012	0.81	−1.60	−13.8, 12.3	−31.0	−267, 239
Alcohol consumption at age 14 years
Nonregular intake	Referent
Regular intake	31.6	12.6	0.248	0.01	37.2	7.18, 75.6	721	139, 1,467
Smoking at age 14 years
Nonsmoker	Referent
Occasional smoker	18.0	6.27	0.138	0.004	19.7	5.86, 35.4	382	114, 686
Regular smoker	7.38	9.06	0.058	0.42	7.66	−9.85, 28.6	149	−191, 554
Family SES at age 14 years
I + II (professional)	Referent
III (skilled worker)	2.08	4.86	0.017	0.67	2.10	−7.18, 12.3	40.8	−139, 239
IV (unskilled worker)	−5.21	5.86	−0.041	0.37	−5.07	−15.4, 6.49	−98.4	−298, 126
V (farmer)	−1.76	6.13	−0.014	0.77	−1.75	−12.9, 10.8	−33.9	−250, 210
BMI at age 31 yearsb
FTO rs9939609 (additive model)	9.22	2.88	0.040	0.001	9.66	3.63, 16.0	239	89.6, 396
Sex (female vs. male)	−44.8	4.77	−0.278	<0.001	−36.1	−41.8, −29.8	−891	−1,032, −737
Log maternal BMI	0.11	0.02	0.095	<0.001	0.11	0.08, 0.15	2.80	2.00, 3.60
Log BMI at age 14 years	0.66	0.03	0.529	<0.001	0.66	0.60, 0.72	16.4	14.9, 17.9
Quartile of physical activity, MET-hours per week
0–3.7	26.5	6.83	0.165	0.001	30.4	14.0, 49.0	750	347, 1,211
3.8–10.8	15.1	5.98	0.093	0.01	16.3	3.41, 30.7	402	84.1, 759
10.9–20.5	2.39	5.59	0.015	0.67	2.42	−8.21, 14.3	59.8	−203, 353
≥20.6	Referent
Tertile of alcohol consumption, g/day
Abstainer	Referent
0.1–2.5	−3.70	8.39	−0.022	0.66	−3.63	−18.2, 13.6	−89.7	−451, 336
2.6–8.7	−7.56	8.16	−0.048	0.35	−7.29	−21.0, 8.80	−180	−519, 217
≥8.8	8.93	8.43	0.054	0.29	9.34	−7.32, 29.0	231	−181, 716
Smoking at age 31 years
Nonsmoker	Referent
1–10 cigarettes/day	3.86	5.53	0.024	0.49	3.93	−6.74, 15.8	97.1	−167, 391
>10 cigarettes/day	−9.52	5.94	−0.059	0.11	−9.08	−19.1, 2.14	−224	−471, 52.8
Unhealthy diet scored	4.65	2.01	0.033	0.02	4.76	0.70, 8.97	118	17.3, 222
SES at age 31 years
I + II (professional)	Referent
III (skilled worker)	15.4	5.67	0.094	0.01	16.6	4.34, 30.3	410	107, 749
IV (unskilled worker)	11.1	5.21	0.069	0.04	11.8	0.90, 23.8	290	22.3, 587
V (farmer)	18.7	11.3	0.118	0.10	20.5	−3.48, 50.5	507	−86.0, 1,248
VI (other)	19.8	6.88	0.124	0.004	21.9	6.52, 39.5	541	161, 976

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; FTO, fat mass and obesity-associated; MET, metabolic equivalent; SES, socioeconomic status.

^aWeight (kg)/height (m)².

^bThe outcome variables maternal BMI and BMI at birth, age 14 years, and age 31 years were natural logarithm-transformed.

^cIncludes gestational hypertension, chronic hypertension, preeclampsia, and superimposed preeclampsia.

^dAn unhealthy diet was defined as daily or almost daily consumption of sausage and less frequent (twice a week or less often) consumption of rye bread or crisp bread, fresh vegetables and salads, and berries or fruit. One point was given for each of these counts, and scores could range from 0 to 5.