Table 1.

Mortality Rates (1993–2009) According to Spells of Psychiatric Sickness Absence of >7 Days (1990–1992) and Covariates in the French GAZEL Cohort Study

	No.	%	With ≥1 Psychiatric Sickness Absences in 1990–1992		Deaths in 1993–2008
			No.	%	No.	%
Total participants	19,962				1,144	5.7
Sickness absence, 1990–1992a
0 Spells	11,830	59.3			591	5.0
≥1 Spell with a psychiatric diagnosis	1,294	6.5			111	8.6
≥1 Spell with a nonpsychiatric diagnosis	6,549	32.8			460	7.0
≥1 Spell with a missing diagnosis	2,460	12.3			162	6.6
Age group, years
36–40	2,119	10.6	277	13.1	55	2.6
41–45	10,405	52.1	602	5.8	527	5.1
46–50	7,438	37.3	415	5.6	562	7.6
Sex
Men	14,604	73.2	560	3.8	971	6.7
Women	5,358	26.8	734	13.7	173	3.2
Occupational grade
High	3,931	19.7	463	11.8	298	7.6
Medium	11,383	57.0	730	6.4	636	5.6
Low	4,648	23.3	101	2.2	210	4.5
Marital status
Married/living with partner	17,766	89.0	1,028	5.8	970	5.5
Single/divorced/separated/widowed	2,196	11.0	266	12.1	174	7.9
Tobacco smoking status
Nonsmoker	14,262	71.4	831	5.8	612	4.3
Smoker	5,712	28.6	463	8.1	535	9.3
Alcohol use
None	519	2.6	79	15.2	45	8.7
Moderate	17,546	87.9	1,089	6.2	894	5.1
Heavy	1,897	9.5	126	6.6	205	10.8

^aSickness absence groups are not mutually exclusive because participants may have spells in more than one category.