Table 1.
Characteristics of Participants at Baseline, Silver Sneakers and EnhanceFitness Programs,a 1997-2004 (N = 38,046)
| Characteristics | Total Sample | Men (n = 14,443) | Women (n = 23,603) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean age (SD), y | 73.2 (6.0) | 73.0 (6.0) | 73.5 (5.9) | |||
| Age ≥80, % | 16.0 | 16.9 | 15.5 | |||
| Women (%) | 62.0 | NA | NA | |||
| Comorbidities | ||||||
| RxRiskb, $, mean (SD) | 2,651 (496 to 4,806) | 2,649 (351 to 4,957) | 2,652 (590 to 4,714) | |||
| Arthritis, % | 16.3 | 12.9 | 18.3 | |||
| On heart registry, % | 19.4 | 26.2 | 15.2 | |||
| On diabetes registry, % | 15.0 | 18.0 | 13.2 | |||
| Enrolled in health programb | ||||||
| Silver Sneakers, % | 22.1 | 24.0 | 21.0 | |||
| EnhanceFitness, % | 26.5 | 26.5 | 26.4 | |||
| Preventive services index and annual cost measures | ||||||
| Preventive services index,c mean (SD) | 1.78 (1.72) | 1.39 (1.67) | 2.02 (1.70) | |||
| Annual cost measures | ||||||
| Total health costs, $, mean (SD) | 5,471 (10,752) | 5,961 (11,961) | 5,171 (9,928) | |||
| Preventive services | Mean (SD) | % | Mean (SD) | % | Mean (SD) | % |
| Influenza vaccination | 0.67 (0.87) | 40.3 | 0.66 (0.87) | 39.5 | 0.68 (0.88) | 40.8 |
| Pneumococcal vaccination | 0.14 (0.35) | 14.0 | 0.14 (0.35) | 13.7 | 0.14 (0.35) | 14.2 |
| Colon cancer screening | 0.38 (0.61) | 31.5 | 0.38 (0.61) | 31.4 | 0.38 (0.60) | 31.5 |
| PSA test | 0.19 (0.45) | 16.5 | 0.19 (0.45) | 16.5 | NA | NA |
| Mammogram | 0.79 (0.62) | 68.2 | NA | NA | 0.79 (0.62) | 68.2 |
| Preventive office visits | 0.56 (0.66) | 47.2 | 0.54 (0.67) | 45.5 | 0.58 (0.66) | 48.3 |
Abbreviations: SD, standard deviation; NA, not applicable; PSA, prostate-specific antigen.
Silver Sneakers and EnhanceFitness are fitness programs. Silver Sneakers is a paid membership at a fitness club; EnhanceFitness is a specially designed physical activity program.
RxRisk is a measure of comorbidity and is calculated by Group Health Cooperative for each person based on age, sex, and pharmacy use for the 6 months before the index date.
Preventive services index is the total number of preventive services that a person used in the 2 years preceding the index date (colon cancer screening [fecal occult blood test or flexible sigmoidoscopy], screening mammogram, prostate cancer screening, influenza vaccination, or pneumococcal vaccination) (range, 0-8).