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. 2010 Jul-Sep;6(3):59–65. doi: 10.4103/0972-9941.68579

Table 3.

Factors implicated in the causation of bleeding complications[2,5,25–29]

Surgical Factors

  • Inadequate training and experience

  • Rough technique

  • Improper usage of instruments

  • Inattentive handling of instruments

  • Inadequate exposure

  • Failure to recognize anatomical landmarks

  • Forceful retraction
Patient-Related

  • Acute cholecystitis

  • Cirrhosis

  • Portal hypertension

  • Coagulopathyn

  • Adhesionss

  • Previous surgery

  • Anatomical abnormalities
Instrument Failures

  • Defective instruments