Table 5.
Summary of results from studies of standing balance
| Study name and reference/s* | Total No (No of deaths) | Category comparison/value of unit change | Effect estimate (95% CI) | Adjustments |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Health ABC study, Cesari et al 200914 | 3024 (653) | Balance <53 seconds v ≥53 seconds (note: max score 90 seconds) | Hazard ratio 1.35 (1.12 to 1.62) | Age, sex, race, study site, smoking, BMI, MMSE score, physical activity, comorbidities, alcohol consumption, education |
| ilSIRENTE, Cesari et al 200813 | 335 (71) | Per 1 SD increase in standing balance score—from 0 (unable) to 4 (hold tandem stand for 10 seconds) | Hazard ratio 0.77 (0.60 to 1.00) | Age, sex, BMI, cognitive performance, No of clinical conditions, albumin, total cholesterol |
| EPESE, Guralnik et al 199443 | 5264 (1741) | 1) Unable to hold side by side stand v able to hold tandem stand for 10 seconds; 2) Able to hold side by side stand for 10 seconds but unable to hold semi-tandem stand for 10 seconds v able to hold tandem stand for 10 seconds | 1) Hazard ratio 3.54 (3.04 to 4.13); 2) 1.78 (1.51 to 2.09) | Age, sex, height, weight |
| EPIDOS study, Rolland et al 200626 | 7092 (722) | Lowest (0-20 seconds) v highest third (27-30 seconds) | Hazard ratio 1.57 (1.32 to 1.87) | Age, sex, body mass index |
| Study of Fukuoka Prefecture residents, Takata et al 200732 | 551 (72) | Per 1 unit change in balance time | Hazard ratio 0.99 (0.97 to 1.01) | Sex, smoking, BMI, systolic blood pressure, marital status, total cholesterol, glucose, complications from prevalent disease |
BMI=body mass index; MMSE=mini-mental state examination.
*See web table A for further details of studies.