. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2011 Sep 1.

Published in final edited form as: Prev Med. 2010 Jun 15;51(3-4):214–221. doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2010.06.004

Table 4.

Description of Studies Included for Analysis of Effect Size (Studies published 1988-2009)

Study	Health Behaviors and Outcome Measures	N (Baseline)	Intervention Methods	Sample and Recruitment Characteristics	Number of Treatment Contacts	Length of Treatment (months)	Final Assessment (months from baseline)	Retention Rate (%)	Quality Rating (out of 22)
Anderson, Winett, Wojcik, Winett, & Bowden, 2001	Diet^a,^c	464	Up to 15 dynamically feedbacks⁺ or no treatment^* delivered at grocery store	General population proactively recruited in person at grocery store	15	4	6	45.0	16
Armitage & Conner, 2001	Diet^b	801	Behavioral feedback⁺ or brochure^*	Employees proactively contacted at worksite	1	1	5	64.5	15
Ausems, Mesters, van Breukelen, & De Vries, 2004	Smoking^h	2,376	3 tailored letters⁺, tailored letters plus in-school lessons, in-school lessons only, or assessment-only control group^*	Vocational secondary school students in the Netherlands	3	2.5	18	75.4	16
Aveyard, Griffin, Lawrence, & Cheng, 2003	Smoking^g	2,471	3 dynamically tailored feedbacks⁺, counseling, brochure^* or manual-only conditions	Random sample proactively recruited from medical clinic	3	6	12	50.0	16
Bastani, Maxwell, Bradford, Das, & Yan, 1999	Mammographyⁱ	902	Behavioral feedback + manual⁺ or brochure only^*	Proactive random digit dial of general population	1	1	12	84.0	15
Becona & Vasquez, 2001	Smoking^g	300	6 weekly non- tailored pamphlets, 6 pamphlets plus 2 tailored letters⁺, or manual only control group^*	Respondents to advertisements in newspapers, radio, and local television	6	2	12	82.0	17
Block & Wakimoto et al., 2004	Diet^c	481	One-time experience with tailored CD- OM⁺, CD-ROM plus two reminder telephone calls, or a stress management CD-ROM control condition^*	Respondents to fliers posted in state agencies serving low- income persons	1	1	2	98.0	18
Bock, Marcus, Pinto, & Forsyth, 2001	Phys Activity^j	194	4 dynamically tailored letters and manual⁺ or brochure only^* delivered at home	Respondents to fliers and announcements	4	6	12	33.0	16
Borland, Balmford, & Hunt, 2004	Smoking^g	1,058	3 dynamically tailored letters⁺ or brochure-only^* delivered at home	Callers to cancer info line	5	12	12	70.0	17
Borland, Balmford, Segan, Livingston, & Owen, 2003	Smoking^g	1,578	3 dynamically tailored reports⁺, counseling calls, or manual-only^* conditions delivered at home	Callers to cancer info line	3	6	12	76.6	17
Brug, Glanz, van Assema, Kok, & Van Breukelen, 1998	Diet^b,^d,^e	762	2 dynamically tailored letters, tailored letter, or brochure-only^* conditions delivered at home	Respondents to fliers and announcements	2	2	3	91.8	17
Brug, Steenhuis, van Assema, Glanz, & DeVries, 1999	Diet^b,^d,^e	347	Tailored report⁺ or behavioral feedback-only^* delivered at home	Proactively recruited employees from worksite	1	1	2	91.0	12
Brug, Steenhuis, van Assema, & de Vries, 1996	Diet^b,^d,^e	507	Tailored letter ⁺ or brochure^* delivered at home	Proactively recruited employees from worksite	1	1	2	51.0	15
Bull, Jamrozik, & Blanksby, 1999	Phys Activity^L	763	Tailored report⁺, brochure^*, or assessment-only plus physician advice delivered at home and clinic	Proactively recruited patients from clinic list	1	1	12	57.0	17
Bull, Kreuter, & Scharff, 1999	Phys Activity^L	272	Tailored report⁺, personalized feedback, brochure^* or assessment only delivered at home	Proactively recruited patients from clinic list	1	1	3	75.0	17
Burnett, Magel, Harrington, & Taylor, 1989	Diet^b	77	Tailored letters⁺ or informational brochure only^* delivered at school	Proactively recruited students from high schools	3	3	3	99.0	12
Campbell & Bernhardt et al., 1999	Diet^c	459	Tailored ⁺, culturally tailored bulletin, or assessment-only^* conditions delivered at home	Proactively recruited from church attendees	1	10	12	82.0	16
Campbell & Carbone et al., 2004	Diet^b,^c	410	Tailored interactive computer feedback⁺ or assessment-only^* condition delivered at clinic	Proactively recruited patients from clinic list	1	0	2	74.8	18
Campbell, DeVellis, Strecher, & Ammerman, 1994	Diet^b,^c	558	Tailored letter⁺, brochure^*, or assessment-only conditions delivered at home	Proactively recruited patients from medical clinic	1	1	4	82.0	18
Campbell & Honess et al., 2004	Diet^b	526	Tailored feedback or assessment-only^* condition delivered via computer at clinic	Proactively recruited patients from medical clinic	1	1	3	72.0	17
Campbell & James et al., 2004	Diet^a,^c Phys Activity^j	850	4 tailored newsletters⁺ and targeted videotapes or lay health advisor (LHA)^* conditions	Proactively recruited church attendees	4	9	12	69.0	19
Campbell & Tessaro et al., 2002	Diet^b,^c Phys Activity^k Smoking^g	859	2 dynamically tailored letters⁺ or assessment-only^* conditions delivered at home	Proactively recruited employees for worksite intervention	2	6	18	63.0	18
Cardinal & Sachs, 1995	Phys Activity^m	113	Tailored letter⁺ or behavior feedback^* conditions delivered at home	Proactively recruited employees for worksite intervention	1	1	7	75.0	10
Champion & Skinner et al., 2002	Mammographyⁱ	1,390	Tailored letter⁺, counseling calls, or assessment-only^* conditions delivered at home	HMO members contacted via mail and phone	1	1	2	71.0	16
Champion & Skinner et al., 2007	Mammographyⁱ	1,245	Tailored letter⁺, counseling calls, or assessment-only^* conditions delivered at home	HMO members contacted via mail and phone	1	1	4	91.8	16
Clark & Rakowski et al., 2002	Mammographyⁱ	1,324	2 dynamically tailored letters⁺, brochure^*, or assessment-only conditions delivered at home	HMO members contacted via mail and phone	2	6	20	77.0	16
Curry, McBride, Grothaus, Louie, & Wagner, 1995	Smoking^g	1,317	Tailored report +manual⁺, tailored report +manual+call, or manual-only^* conditions, delivered at home	Proactive random digit dial of general population	1	1	21	76.0	15
Curry, Wagner, & Grothaus, 1991	Smoking^g	1,217	3 dynamically tailored letters⁺ or brochure^* delivered at home	Respondents to fliers and announcements	3	3	12	95.0	16
Delichatsios & Friedman et al., 2001	Diet^a,^d Phys Activity	298	Automated calls⁺ or physical activity control^* conditions delivered at home	HMO members contacted via mail and phone	11	6	6	50.0	18
Demark-Wahnefried & Clipp et al., 2007	Diet^a,^c Phys Activity^k	543	Tailored mailed print materials⁺ or nontailored mailed materials^* delivered at home	Proactively recruited cancer survivors from registries via letters	7	10	12	95.6	21
DiNoia & Contento et al., 2008	Diet^c	549	4 CD-ROM tailored feedback interventions⁺ or assessment-only^* conditions delivered at youth agencies	Students proactively recruited from after school programs	4	1	2	92.0	17
Dijkstra, 2005	Smoking^f	202	Personalized feedback delivered through interactive computer⁺ or brochure^* delivered at university	Students proactively recruited through school	1	1	4	70.0	15
Dijkstra & DeVries et al., 1998	Smoking^g	1,546	Self-efficacy and outcome tailored information⁺, self-efficacy tailored information, outcome-tailored information, or no information^* conditions delivered at home	Respondents to advertisements in newspapers in the Netherlands	1	1	14	64.0	15
Dijkstra, De Vries, & Roijackers, 1999	Smoking^g	843	3 tailored letters, 1 tailored letter⁺, manual-only^* or assessment-only conditions delivered at home	Respondents to fliers and announcements	1	1	6	89.0	13
Elder & Ayala et al., 2006	Diet^b	357	Tailored newsletters⁺, or tailored letters+counseling, or targeted brochure^*, conditions delivered at home	Proactive random digit dial of general population	12	3	12	79.0	17
Etter & Perneger, 2004	Smoking^h	2,934	4 dynamically tailored letters⁺, brochure^* or assessment-only conditions delivered at home	Proactively recruited random sample of general population contacted by mail	4	12	24	82.2	12
Etter, 2005	Smoking^g	11,969	Tailored feedback⁺ or information-only^* conditions delivered through computer over Internet	Respondents to smoking cessation website	1	2	3	35.0	17
Frenn & Malin et al., 2005	Diet^a Phys Activity^k	132	Eight-session Internet/video intervention in school⁺ or assessment-only^* conditions	Students recruited via consent form sent to parents	8	1	1	77.0	15
Greaney & Riebe et al., 2008	Phys Activityⁿ	1,274	Dynamically tailored letters+brief calls+manual⁺ or assessment-only^* conditions delivered at home	Respondents to fliers and announcements	12	12	24	76.0	15
Haerens & Deforche et al., 2007	Diet^b	307	Computer-tailored interactive intervention⁺ or assessment only^* conditions	Students recruited from secondary school classes	1	1	3	91.0	18
Hageman & Walker et al., 2005	Phys Activity^k	31	3 tailored⁺ or nontailored^* online newsletters	Respondents to ads placed in newspapers	3	2	3	90.0	17
Heimendinger & Oneil et al., 2005	Diet^c	3,402	4 dynamically tailored⁺, 4 tailored, 1 tailored letters, or brochure-only^* conditions delivered at home	Proactively recruited callers to cancer info line	4	5	12	57.0	18
Irvine & Ary et al., 2004	Diet^b,^c	517	Tailored intervention at workstation⁺ or wait-list control^* conditions	Employees recruited via advertisements/fliers	3	1	2	90.0	17
Johnson, Driskell, Johnson, Dyment et al., 2006	Dietⁿ Phys Activityⁿ	404	3 dynamically tailored letters + manual⁺ or assessment-only^* conditions delivered at home	Proactive random digit dial of general population	3	6	18	58.0	14
Johnson & Paiva et al., 2008	Dietⁿ Phys Activityⁿ	1,277	4 tailored letters⁺ or assessment-only^* conditions delivered at home	Proactive random digit dial calls or respondents to advertisements	4	9	12	66.0	13
Jones & Edwards, 2003	Dietⁿ Smokingⁿ	1,029	Multiple tailored letters⁺ or brief physician advice^* conditions delivered at home and clinic	Respondents to posters in clinics and newspapers	12	12	12	77.7	16
King & Friedman et al., 2007	Phys Activity^j	218	Tailored automated telephone feedback⁺, tailored human advice, or health education group^* conditions	HMO members contacted via mail and phone	15	12	6	86.7	18
Kosma, Cardinal, & McCubbin, 2005	Phys Activity^k	151	4 tailored interactive website interventions⁺ or assessment-only^* conditions	Respondents to fliers and announcements	4	1	1	49.6	16
Kreuter & Strecher, 1996	Diet^b Phys Activity^j Mammographyⁱ Smoking^g	1,317	Tailored letter⁺, behavioral feedback or assessment-only^* conditions delivered at home	Proactively recruited medical clinic patients	1	1	6	86.0	15
Kreuter & Sugg-Skinner et al., 2005	Diet^c Mammographyⁱ	416 720	Tailored⁺, culturally tailored letters, or assessment-only^* conditions delivered at home	Proactively recruited medical clinic patients	6	18	18	71.8	16
Kristal, Curry, Shattuck, Feng, & Li, 2000	Diet^b,^c	1,459	Tailored letter+manual+brief calls⁺ or assessment- only^* conditions delivered at home	Proactively recruited HMO members	2	12	12	87.0	18
Kypri & McAnally, 2005	Dietⁿ Phys Activity^j	218	Web-based assessment and feedback⁺ or assessment only^* conditions delivered at school	Patients recruited from college health service	1	1	2	86.0	16
Lennox & Osman et al., 2001	Smoking^h	2,553	Tailored letter⁺, personalized information or assessment-only^* conditions delivered at home	Patients proactively recruited from medical clinic	1	1	6	78.1	15
Lipkus, Lyna, & Rimer, 1999	Smoking^h	266	Tailored letter + advice + counselor call, tailored letter + brief advice⁺, or advice-only^* conditions delivered at home and clinic	Random sample of medical clinic patients	2	1	16	62.2	17
Lipkus, Rimer, Halabi, & Strigo, 2000	Mammographyⁱ	1,934	Tailored letter⁺, counselor call, or reminder^* delivered at home	Sample of HMO members	1	12	12	96.0	16
Lutz & Ammerman et al., 1999	Diet^c	710	4 tailored letters⁺, nontailored letters, or assessment-only^* conditions delivered at home	Proactively recruited from random sample of HMO members	4	4	6	80.8	18
Marcus & Bock et al., 1998a	Phys Activity^m	1,559	2 tailored letters⁺ or brochure conditions delivered at home	Reactively recruited employees from worksite	2	1	3	73.0	16
Marcus & Napolitano et al., 2007	Phys Activity^k	239	Telephone-based individualized feedback, print-based individualized feedback⁺, or contact control^* conditions	Reactively recruited employees via newspaper and workplace advertisements	14	12	12	85.4	17
McKay & King et al., 2001	Phys Activity^k	65	8-week online tailored intervention⁺ or internet information-only^* conditions	Respondents to e-mail postings to diabetes specific UseNet groups, listserves, web sites, and on-line community groups	5	2	2	87.0	18
Meyer & Ulbricht et al., 2008	Smoking^h	1,499	3 tailored letters⁺, brief physician advice, or assessment-only^* conditions	Proactively recruited patients in primary care clinics	3	6	18	61.9	16
Napolitano & Fotheringham et al., 2003	Phys Activity^k	65	12 weekly tip sheets plus 3 months of access to an interactive web-based program⁺ or assessment-only conditions^* delivered at home	Employee respondents recruited from worksite advertisements	12	3	3	80.0	15
Nitzke & Kritsch et al., 2007	Diet^c	2,024	2 tailored reports plus newsletters⁺ or mailed non-tailored pamphlet^* conditions delivered at home	Respondents to advertisements directed at low-income persons	4	6	12	62.0	19
Oenema, Tan, & Brug, 2005	Diet^b,^d,^e	782	2 tailored feedback sessions delivered by CD-ROM⁺, brochure^*, or assessment-only conditions delivered at home	Proactively recruited employees from worksite	2	1	1	79.0	15
Owen, Ewins, & Lee, 1989	Smoking^g	208	4 tailored letters⁺, brochure^*, or assessment-only conditions delivered at home	Respondents to fliers/announcements	4	1	9	88.0	13
Papadaki & Scott, 2005	Diet^d,^e	72	4 tailored dietary and psychosocial feedbacks⁺ or brochure^* conditions delivered via internet	Respondents to advertisements in newsletters, flyers, postings on the worksites’ Intranet and email	4	6	6	80.0	19
Patrick & Sallis et al., 2001	Diet^b,^c Phys Activity^k	148	2 tailored feedbacks + follow up letters or calls⁺ or tailored feedback^* only conditions delivered at clinic and home	Proactively recruited students from high schools	2	4	4	79.0	17
Peterson & Aldana, 1999	Phys Activity^k	784	Tailored letter⁺, brochure^*, or assessment-only conditions delivered at worksite	Proactively recruited employees from worksite	1	1	2	67.0	10
Pinto & Friedman et al., 2002	Phys Activity^j	298	6 dynamically tailored automated calls⁺ or assessment-only^* conditions delivered at home	Proactively recruited HMO members via mail and phone	6	6	6	79.8	18
Prochaska & Sallis, 2004	Phys Activity^k	138	Tailored feedback provided via computer in school⁺ or assessment-only^* conditions	Proactively recruited middle school students	1	1	3	99.0	14
Prochaska, DiClemente, Velicer, & Rossi, 1993	Smoking^f	756	4 dynamically tailored letters⁺, dynamically tailored letters + manual + counselor call, brochure^*, or manual conditions delivered at home	Respondents to fliers/announcements	4	6	18	70.0	12
Prochaska, Velicer, Fava, Rossi, & Tsoh, 2001a	Smoking^g	4,144	3 dynamically tailored mailed reports⁺ or assessment only^* conditions delivered at home	Proactive random digit dial of general population	3	6	18	67.0	15
Prochaska & Velicer et al., 2001b	Smoking^h	1,447	3 dynamically tailored letters⁺, dynamically tailored letters + manual, dynamically tailored letter + manual + counselor call, or assessment-only^* conditions delivered at home	Proactively recruited HMO members via mail and phone	3	6	18	62.9	14
Prochaska & Velicer et al., 2005	Dietⁿ Smoking^f Mammographyⁱ	5,407	3 dynamically tailored letters + manual⁺ or assessment-only^* conditions delivered at home	Proactively recruited patients from medical clinic	3	12	12	75.0	16
Prochaska & Velicer et al., 2004	Dietⁿ Smoking^g	2,460	3 dynamically tailored letters + manual⁺ or assessment-only^* conditions delivered at home	Proactively recruited parents of participants in related student study	3	12	12	70.0	17
Rakowski & Ehrich et al., 1998	Mammographyⁱ	1,864	2 dynamically tailored letters⁺, brochure, or assessment-only^* conditions delivered at home	Proactively recruited HMO members from list of enrollees	2	5	20	75.0	19
Rakowski & Lipkus et al., 2003	Mammographyⁱ	2,023	Tailored letter at either 2 mos or 10⁺ mos post-assessment or reminder letter^* delivered at home	Proactively recruited HMO members from list of enrollees	1	10	15	80.0	18
Rimer & Halabi et al., 2002	Mammographyⁱ	1,287	2 dynamically tailored letters⁺, tailored letter + counselor calls, or reminder letter^* delivered at home	Proactively recruited HMO members from list of enrollees	2	13	24	96.0	17
Saywell, Champion, Skinner, Menon, & Daggy, 2004	Mammographyⁱ	1,390	Tailored letter⁺, tailored letter + counselor calls, or assessment-only^* conditions delivered at home	Proactively recruited HMO members from list of enrollees	1	1	2	75.0	13
Schumann & John et al., 2008	Smoking^g	485	3 tailored letters⁺ or assessment-only^* conditions delivered at home	Proactively recruited from hospital population survey	3	6	24	71.4	18
Shiffman, Paty, Rohay, Di Marino, & Gitchell, 2001	Smoking^h	4,209	Tailored print feedback + nicotine patch⁺, or manual + nicotine patch^* conditions delivered at home	Callers to quit line asked to participate	6	3	1	63.9	18
Skinner, Strecher, & Hospers, 1994	Mammographyⁱ	489	Tailored letter⁺ or brochure-only^* conditions delivered at home	Proactively recruited medical clinic patients	1	5	8	89.0	12
Smeets & Brug et al., 2008	Phys Activity^j	936	Tailored letter⁺ or assessment-only^* conditions delivered at home	Random population-based mailing	1	1	3	52.0	17
Strecher, Kreuter, Den Boer, & Kobrin, 1994a	Smoking^g	296	Tailored letter or brochure-only^* conditions delivered at clinic	Proactively recruited medical clinic patients	1	1	4	70.8	14
Strecher, Kreuter, Den Boer, & Kobrin, 1994b	Smoking^g	1,588	Tailored letter⁺ or assessment-only^* conditions delivered at clinic	Proactively recruited medical clinic patients	1	1	6	67.0	14
Strecher & Marcus et al., 2005	Smoking^g	1,978	4 tailored print feedbacks + nicotine patch⁺ or manual + nicotine patch ^* delivered at home	Recruited callers to cancer info line	4	6	12	43.9	17
Strecher, Shiffman, & West, 2005	Smoking^h	3,971	3 tailored newsletters plus support email sent via email⁺ or informational website only^* conditions delivered at home	People who purchased nicotine patch and logged onto to suggested website	3	3	3	53.3	15
Velicer & Friedman et al., 2006	Smoking^g	2,054	Tailored letter⁺, tailored letters + call, or manual-only^* conditions in combination with patch delivered at home	Proactively contacted from VA hospital population	1	1	30	61.0	16
Velicer, Prochaska, Fava, Laforge, & Rossi, 1999	Smoking^h	2,882	2, 3, or 6 dynamically tailored letters, 1 tailored letter⁺, or manual-only^* conditions delivered at home	Proactively recruited from HMO member list	1	1	18	74.0	17

= % kCalories from fat;

= Fat FFQ;

= Fruit and Vegetable Servings/Day;

= Fruit Servings/day;

= Veg Servings/day;

= 24 hr point prevalence smoking abstinence;

= 7 day point prevalence smoking abstinence;

= 28 day point prevalence smoking abstinence;

ⁱ

= % adherent to mammography screening;

= % adherent to CDC physical activity recommendations;

= recalled minutes of physical activity;

= % increasing physical activity;

= % making progress in stage of change for physical activity;

ⁿ

= % reaching action or maintenance stages.

Indicates group to which intervention was compared

⁺

Indicates treatment group outcome used for analysis