Table 2.

Cognitive Impairment, Depressive Symptoms, and Relative Risk of 2-Year Functional Decline, Bivariate Results

Model	Participant Group	Functional Decline* %	Relative Risk (95% Confidence Interval)
1	All participants (n = 5,697)†	8
	Cognitive impairment (n = 610)‡	21	3.3 (2.8–4.0)
	No impairment (n = 5,104)	6	1.0
	Depressive symptoms (n = 547)§	15	2.1 (1.7–2.6)
	No depressive symptoms (n = 5,167)	7	1.0
2	Cognitive impairment and depressive symptoms (n = 139)	22	3.8 (2.8–5.2)
	Cognitive impairment alone (n = 471)	20	3.5 (2.8–4.3)
	Depressive symptoms alone (n = 408)	13	2.1 (1.6–2.8)
	Neither depressive symptoms nor cognitive impairment (n = 4,696)	6	1.0

^*An increased dependence in an activity of daily living from 1993–1995.

^†Applying study weights to 5,697 Asset and Health Dynamics in the Oldest Old (AHEAD) participants yielded an analytic sample of 5,714.

^‡Participants whose scores on the multi-domain AHEAD cognition scale were ≤ 1.5 standard deviations below the mean.

^§Participants whose scores on the Center for Epidemiologic Study Depression Scale were ≥ 1.5 standard deviations above the mean.