Table 4.
Association of Metabolic Outcomes with Body Mass Index
| Metabolic outcomea | Underweight & Normal weight (BMI <25.0 kg/m2) [N = 117] | Overweight (BMI 25.0 – 29.9 kg/m2) [N = 44] | Obese (BMI ≥30.0 kg/m2) [N = 73] | p-valueb |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SE) | Mean (SE) | Mean (SE) | ||
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 85.0 ± 0.7 | 87.8 ± 1.1 | 89.2 ± 0.9 | 0.0007 |
| 2-h glucose (mg/dL) | 90.3 ± 2.2 | 96.9 ± 3.6 | 100.7 ± 2.8 | 0.01 |
| Insulin (μIU/mL; log10)c | 0.90 ± 0.03 | 1.10 ± 0.04 | 1.17 ± 0.03 | <0.0001 |
| 2-h insulin (μIU/mL; log10)c | 1.60 ± 0.03 | 1.69 ± 0.06 | 1.78 ± 0.04 | 0.007 |
| Pro-insulin (pmol/L) | 10.9 ± 1.0 | 13.2 ± 1.6 | 16.8 ± 1.3 | 0.002 |
| 2-h pro-insulin (pmol/L) | 44.9 ± 4.0 | 41.7 ± 6.4 | 61.7 ± 4.9 | 0.01 |
| C-peptide (ng/dL) | 2.4 ± 0.1 | 3.0 ± 0.2 | 3.3 ± 0.1 | <0.0001 |
| 2-h C-peptide (ng/dL) | 6.7 ± 0.3 | 7.0 ± 0.5 | 8.3 ± 0.4 | 0.004 |
| HOMA-IR (log10)c | 0.22 ± 0.08 | 0.43 ± 0.05 | 0.52 ± 0.04 | <0.0001 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 152.0 ± 2.9 | 170.4 ± 4.7 | 160.0 ± 3.7 | 0.004 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 46.0 ± 1.1 | 41.7 ± 1.8 | 41.2 ± 1.4 | 0.02 |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 89.5 ± 2.5 | 106.3 ± 4.1 | 100.1 ± 3.2 | 0.001 |
| Non-HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 106.1 ± 2.9 | 128.7 ± 4.8 | 118.8 ± 3.7 | 0.0001 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 83.0 ± 5.1 | 102.3 ± 8.2 | 94.7 ± 6.3 | 0.10 |
| hsCRP (mg/L) | 2.6 ± 0.6 | 2.6 ± 0.9 | 5.8 ± 0.7 | 0.002 |
a
Fasting unless otherwise noted
b
Least-squares estimated means, their standard errors (SE) and p-values obtained from linear regression modeling, adjusting for race and HIV status.
c
Log-transformed results are reported for fasting and 2-h insulin and HOMA-IR because the distributions were skewed