Fig. 1.

Kinetics of cytokine release from colonic and caecal mucosal explant cultures derived from axenic 129/SvEv wild-type mice following ingestion of faecal slurry. Spontaneous release of interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-17, IL-4, IL-10 and granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) was assessed in supernatants after 24 h using standard enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) techniques. Production of proinflammatory cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-17) as well as production of G-CSF preceded the secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-14, IL-10). Bars represent mean values ± standard error of the mean for four to six mice per group; *P > 0·05.