Table 3.

Multivariate Linear Regression Analysis of the Main Effects of Common Medications on the Serum PSA Level

Variable	Relative PSA Level*	Coefficient (β)	SE†	95% CI	P
Reference	1.00	—	—	—	—
Metabolic agents
Statins	0.972	−.028	0.010	−0.049 to −0.0074	.01
Sulfonylureas	0.993	−.0074	0.019	−0.047 to 0.032	.71
Cardiovascular agents
Beta blockers	0.995	−.0050	0.0098	−0.025 to 0.015	.61
Calcium channel blockers	1.003	.0033	0.018	−0.034 to 0.04	.86
ACE inhibitors	0.99	−.0086	0.010	−0.029 to 0.012	.40
Thiazide diuretic	0.94	−.065	0.028	−0.12 to −0.0087	.025
GI agents
Proton pump inhibitors	0.997	−.003	0.026	−0.056 to 0.05	.91
CNS agents
NSAIDs	0.988	−.012	0.0053	−0.023 to −0.0011	.03
Psychotherapeutic agents
SSRIs	0.975	−.026	0.027	−0.081 to 0.03	.35
Genitourinary agents
Alpha blockers	1.002	.0025	0.020	−0.039 to 0.044	.90

NOTE. Medications modeled as continuous variables based on duration of consumption, adjusting for age, race, education level, country of birth, marital status, household income, health insurance status, body mass index, mean arterial pressure, tobacco use, alcohol use, prostate enlargement, family history of prostate cancer, serum levels for total cholesterol, log-transformed homocysteine, albumin-adjusted calcium, vitamin D, log-transformed C-reactive protein, hemoglobin A1c, and log-transformed parathyroid hormone.

Abbreviations: PSA, prostate-specific antigen; ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; NSAID, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; SSRI, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor.

^*Relative PSA change after 1 year of regular use compared with no use; relative PSA level = e^β.

^†Based on jackknife estimation.