Fig. 1.

Visualisation of regression models for facial landmark analyses, separately for (A) male and (B) female bipolar patients vs. controls in (upper left) coronal, (upper right) sagittal and (bottom) axial planes. The Procrustes mean coordinates of facial landmarks for the pooled sample of subjects for each sex are joined by dashed black lines; the bipolar coordinates (the coordinates of a hypothetical bipolar patient of that sex lying along the bipolar–control discrimination axis) are joined by red lines that exaggerate the features of “patientness”, i.e. the difference of the patient from the sample mean, by a factor of approximately 5 to render them visible. Right inset: typical laser surface image (see Hennessy et al., 2007) showing the twenty-six 3D landmarks. Filled circles: the 24 landmarks used in landmark analysis. Open circles with crosses: the 2 landmarks used, in addition to the 24 landmarks, to calculate the pseudo-landmarks. Landmarks: a, soft tissue nasion; b, pronasale; c, sublabiale; d, pogonion; e/f, inner canthus; g/h, outer canthus; i/j, alar crest; k, subnasale; l/m, alare; n/o, columella breakpoint; p/q, christa philtrum; r, labiale superius; s, labiale inferius; t, stomion; u/v, cheilion; w/x, tragion; y/z, otobasion inferius.