. 2010 Aug 16;107(37):16054–16059. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1001509107

Table 2.

Results of multilevel regressions for predicting individuals’ perceptions of energy use and savings

Parameter	Household activities (Fig. 1)		Automobiles (Fig. 2A) (elevation, slope, and interactions)	Transporting goods (Fig. 2B) (slope and interactions)	Beverage containers (Fig. 2C) (slope and interactions)
Parameter	Elevation, slope, and main effects (effects on elevation)	Interactions (effects on slope)	Automobiles (Fig. 2A) (elevation, slope, and interactions)	Transporting goods (Fig. 2B) (slope and interactions)	Beverage containers (Fig. 2C) (slope and interactions)
Intercept (elevation)	−0.44^*	—	−0.010	—	—
Within-participant (level-1) predictors
Actual energy use or savings, log10Actual	0.28^*	—	0.24^*	0.54^*	0.39^*
Quadratic term, (log10Actual)²	−0.19^*	—	—	—	—
Between-participant (level-2) predictors
Numeracy (0–3, α = 0.59)	0.076^*	0.063^*	0.056^†	0.078^‡	0.017
NEP (0–6, α = 0.81)	0.12^†	0.086^*	−0.003	0.12^‡	0.21^‡
Climate-change attitude (0–6, α = 0.79)	−0.001	−0.027^‡	0.060^‡	0.037	−0.016
Environmental behaviors (0–9, α = 0.65)	−0.033^†	−0.008	−0.021	−0.063^*	−0.12^*
Uses more energy than average	−0.005	−0.026	−0.005	−0.048	−0.12^‡
Owns car	−0.030	0.047	−0.13	0.065	0.10
Owns home	0.045	0.015	0.048	0.10	0.24^‡
Voted Democrat	−0.14^‡	−0.037	0.006	−0.11	0.049
Voted Republican	−0.13^‡	−0.029	0.042	−0.19	0.11
Chose not to vote	−0.25^†	−0.085^‡	0.040	−0.33^‡	0.058
Could not vote	−0.32^†	−0.10^‡	−0.068	−0.051	−0.42
Political views (1–7)	0.018	0.001	0.021	0.015	0.014
Male	0.043	0.006	0.002	−0.027	−0.040
Age	−0.003	0.002	−0.001	0.006	−0.004
Income (1–8)	0.023	0.008	0.005	−0.045	−0.026
Education (1–6)	0.005	0.004	0.045^‡	0.050	−0.003

Elevation and slope are reported at the relevant mean of log10Actual, the x axis variable in Figs. 1 and 2. When elevation varied, it was tested against the relevant mean of actual energy use or savings. Elevation did not vary for transporting goods (Fig. 2B) or beverage containers (Fig. 2C) because the ranking task required each participant’s mean elevation to be 2.5. For automobiles (Fig. 2A), the main effects are omitted for brevity. All slopes were tested against the correct slopes (1, 1, 1.33, and 1.61 for the four regressions, respectively). For political categories (e.g., Voted Democrat, Could not vote), the excluded category was “Do not want to divulge.” The components of the environmental behaviors scale were: owns CFLs, considers efficiency for large appliances, considers efficiency for small appliances, conducted an energy audit of home, weatherized home, installed double-pane windows, bought renewable energy, wrote a letter about energy, and considers oneself an environmentalist.

*P < 0.001.

^†P < 0.01.

^‡P < 0.05.