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Micrographs of Vorticella contraction and extension at flow rates of (a) 100 and (b) 950 μl min−1. Videos of the movements are available. Scale bars: 50 μm. Time series of length change of a stalk and zooid at (c) 100, (d) 500, (e) 950, and (f) 1100 μl min−1. The asterisks in (c) and (d) correspond to the contractions of (a) and (b). Dashed line in (f) represents the time when breakage arises (enhanced online).
