Table 1.

Aberrant regulation of Rho proteins in cancer.

Rho proteins	Mechanism of deregulation	Tumor type
RhoA	High protein levels, high signalling activity	Liver [107], skin [108], colon [109], ovarian [110], bladder [111], gastric [112], esophageal squamous cell (SCC) [113], testicular [114], breast [109]
RhoB	Overexpression or downregulation	Breast (overexpression) [109], lung (downregulation) [151]
RhoC	High protein levels, high signalling activity	Melanoma metastases [119], breast [121], squamous cell (SCC) [122], pancreas [123], liver [124], ovarian [110], head and neck [120], prostate [126], non-small cell lung (NSCLC) [127], gastric cancer [125]
RhoH	Rearrangement and mutations (5' UTR)	non-Hodgkin's lymphomas and multiple myeloma [152]
Rac1	High protein levels, high signalling activity	Testicular, [114]gastric [112], breast [136], squamous cell (SCC) [137]
Rac1B	Alternative splicing	Colon [148]; Breast [136]
Rac2	High protein levels	Head [108] neck squamous-cell carcinoma (SCC) [122]
Rac3	Hyperactive or overexpression	Breast [22]