. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2011 Oct 1.

Published in final edited form as: Exp Aging Res. 2010 Oct;36(4):394–425. doi: 10.1080/0361073X.2010.509010

Table 5.

Descriptive Statistics by Educational Attainment

	0 to 8					9 to 11					12					13+

Cognitive Functioning	N	M	SD	Min	Max	N	M	SD	Min	Max	N	M	SD	Min	Max	N	M	SD	Min	Max	p-value
MMSE^b	84	12.19	8.99	0	28	31	18.55	7.58	0	29	59	17.53	7.76	0	30	63	20.38	7.12	0	30	0.001
GDRS^c	82	4.80	1.61	1	7	31	3.55	1.50	1	7	58	3.83	1.59	1	7	62	3.29	1.48	1	6	0.001
FOME Delayed recall^b	80	1.98	2.66	0	10	29	4.21	2.97	0	10	57	2.89	2.90	0	10	62	3.84	3.39	0	10	0.001
FOME Delayed recognition^b	80	2.58	2.71	0	9	29	3.10	2.11	0	7	57	3.53	2.40	0	8	62	3.39	2.18	0	9	0.098
FOME Retention^b	80	4.55	4.29	0	10	29	7.31	3.11	0	10	57	6.42	3.87	0	10	62	7.23	3.43	0	10	0.001
WAIS Similarities^b	83	2.94	4.72	0	20	30	7.40	7.29	0	27	56	7.07	6.54	0	26	62	13.23	9.47	0	30	0.001
COWAT^b	82	2.20	2.80	0	10	30	4.83	3.20	0	14	54	4.56	3.14	0	12	62	5.74	4.07	0	17	0.001
Handtaps^b	82	21.98	19.38	0	54.5	30	34.03	16.28	0	60.5	55	32.66	14.26	0	59	62	33.39	16.55	0	57.5	0.001
Behavior Dyscontrol Scale^b	79	5.72	5.86	0	19	30	10.74	6.07	0	19	54	8.27	6.26	0	19	62	11.04	6.37	0	19	0.001
Severe Impairment Battery^b	84	63.14	35.24	0	100	30	85.84	24.59	0	100	57	84.18	18.21	2	99	62	89.48	18.21	12.49	100	0.001
Independent Living Scale^b	80	15.08	12.22	0	39	30	24.30	11.95	0	40	54	23.31	9.32	0	36	61	26.72	10.56	0	40	0.001
Mini Nutritional Assessment^b	74	17.10	2.90	7	22	30	18.00	2.50	13	22	50	17.90	3.00	11	22.5	55	17.90	3.00	9.5	22	0.322
Physical Functioning
Grip strength (kg)^b	84	8.88	10.61	0	52	31	9.77	7.32	0	27	58	9.80	9.07	0	34	63	14.10	12.35	0	60	0.021
Leg strength (kg)^b	44	8.58	6.81	1.7	35	22	9.66	6.85	2.4	25.8	38	6.79	3.36	1.65	13.55	48	7.93	4.72	1.55	23.15	0.232
OARS BADL^b	70	9.91	4.95	0	15	27	11.56	3.36	0	15	53	11.64	3.27	2	15	59	11.76	2.97	0	15	0.023
OADS IADL^b	69	7.86	4.56	0	14	28	9.07	3.82	0	14	51	9.25	3.60	0	14	60	9.13	3.63	0	14	0.173
DAFS BADL^b	78	14.06	9.19	0	23	29	19.66	6.91	0	23	53	17.30	6.88	0	23	61	18.85	5.91	0	23	0.001
DAFS IADL^b	79	18.04	16.80	0	58	30	32.07	16.92	0	55	53	28.75	17.53	0	56	59	33.76	16.93	0	58	0.001
SPPB^b	82	0.96	1.78	0	8	30	2.00	2.67	0	9	57	1.54	2.37	0	10	62	1.85	2.37	0	8	0.051
PPME^b	82	1.94	2.16	0	6	30	2.67	2.25	0	6	57	2.44	2.20	0	6	62	3.02	1.95	0	6	0.026
Health and Health Habits
Systolic blood pressure^b	84	129.13	15.94	90	190	31	124.68	14.58	98	180	58	126.66	15.34	90	170	62	128.31	15.65	90	165	0.520
Diastolic blood pressure^b	84	74.45	8.73	46	100	31	73.06	7.81	58	90	58	74.10	10.38	58	100	62	72.94	10.04	38	100	0.760
Pulse Pressure^b	84	54.68	14.72	24	102	31	51.61	14.63	34	110	58	52.55	15.74	25	95	62	55.37	16.23	30	96	0.590
Homocysteine (μmol/L)^b	77	14.04	5.34	5.7	41.1	28	14.55	6.91	6.5	40.8	55	14.56	5.20	7.5	34.3	59	14.32	9.02	6.4	72.3	0.970
Vitamin B12 (pmol/L)^b	78	382.67	244.88	73.7	1288.28	29	326.82	196.72	73.7	995.54	58	487.01	729.27	73.7	4830.3	62	381.45	279.78	73.7	1986.22	0.320
Smoking^a	82%					31%					59%					63%
Never smoked		63.41					77.42					81.36					74.60
Former smoker		30.49					19.35					16.95					25.40
Current smoker		6.10					3.23					1.69					0.00				0.141
Alcohol^a	83%					31%					59%					63%
Never used		66.27					51.61					66.10					53.97
Formerly used		22.89					25.81					16.95					20.63
Currently uses		10.84					22.58					16.95					25.40				0.227
BMI (kg/m²)^b	81%	23.34	5.57	13.98	51.87	31%	22.66	3.93	15.55	33.66	57%	22.64	4.79	13.11	34.96	61%	21.84	3.34	15.23	30.5	0.308
Underweight		17.28					16.13					19.30					18.03
Optimal weight		46.91					61.29					52.63					70.49
Overweight		27.16					19.35					21.05					9.84
Obese		8.64					3.23					7.02					1.64				^a0.163
Lifetime prevalence of reported diseases
Depression^a	84	0.15	0.36	0	1	31	0.03	0.18	0	1	59	0.19	0.39	0	1	63	0.11	0.32	0	1	0.180
Cardiovascular disease^a	84	0.65	0.48	0	1	31	0.71	0.46	0	1	59	0.61	0.49	0	1	63	0.63	0.49	0	1	0.823
Psychiatric^a	84	0.24	0.43	0	1	31	0.06	0.25	0	1	59	0.19	0.39	0	1	63	0.13	0.34	0	1	0.114
Cancer^a	84	0.06	0.24	0	1	31	0.03	0.18	0	1	59	0.07	0.25	0	1	63	0.03	0.18	0	1	0.795
Neurological^a	84	0.06	0.24	0	1	31	0.03	0.18	0	1	59	0.02	0.13	0	1	63	0.02	0.13	0	1	0.520
Kidney disease^a	84	0.07	0.26	0	1	31	0.06	0.25	0	1	59	0.02	0.13	0	1	63	0.03	0.18	0	1	0.399
Osteoporosis^a	84	0.25	0.44	0	1	31	0.19	0.40	0	1	59	0.22	0.42	0	1	63	0.29	0.46	0	1	0.768
Diabetes^a	84	0.18	0.39	0	1	31	0.03	0.18	0	1	59	0.00	0.00	0	0	63	0.08	0.27	0	1	0.001
Anxiety^a	84	0.06	0.24	0	1	31	0.06	0.25	0	1	59	0.05	0.22	0	1	63	0.06	0.25	0	1	1.000
Psychosis^a	84	0.05	0.21	0	1	31	0.00	0.00	0	0	59	0.00	0.00	0	0	63	0.02	0.13	0	1	0.305
Hypertension^a	84	0.46	0.50	0	1	31	0.48	0.51	0	1	59	0.47	0.50	0	1	63	0.43	0.50	0	1	0.948
Stroke^a	84	0.02	0.15	0	1	31	0.00	0.00	0	0	59	0.00	0.00	0	0	63	0.00	0.00	0	0	0.501
Coronary artery disease^a	84	0.04	0.19	0	1	31	0.03	0.18	0	1	59	0.00	0.00	0	0	63	0.00	0.00	0	0	0.203
Congestive heart failure^a	84	0.19	0.40	0	1	31	0.19	0.40	0	1	59	0.19	0.39	0	1	63	0.08	0.27	0	1	0.203
Peripheral artery disease^a	84	0.20	0.40	0	1	31	0.26	0.44	0	1	59	0.15	0.36	0	1	63	0.19	0.40	0	1	0.671
Cardiomegaly^a	84	0.00	0.00	0	0	31	0.00	0.00	0	0	59	0.00	0.00	0	0	63	0.02	0.13	0	1	0.646
Cardiac symptoms^a	84	0.06	0.24	0	1	31	0.13	0.34	0	1	59	0.07	0.25	0	1	63	0.03	0.18	0	1	0.349

Fisher's Exact

ANOVA

Kruskal-Wallis