Table 1.
Participant Characteristics and Stress Urinary Incontinence during and after a Pregnancy Affected by Gestational Diabetes Mellitusa
| Characteristic | Total | ≥ Weekly incontinence during pregnancy n = 112 (49%) | Incontinence affected activities during pregnancy n = 64 (28%) | ≥ Weekly incontinence after delivery n = 115 (50%) | Incontinence affected activities after delivery n = 62 (27%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | |||||
| <34 | 34% | 38% | 28% | 28% | 31% |
| 34–38 | 35% | 30% | 39% | 35% | 42% |
| >38 | 31% | 32% | 33% | 37% | 27% |
| Race | |||||
| Non-Hispanic white | 71% | 71% | 78% | 74% | 81% |
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 13% | 12% | 13% | 14% | 10% |
| African American | 7% | 3% | 5% | 3% | 5% |
| Other | 9% | 14% | 5% | 10% | 5% |
| Education | |||||
| High school graduate or less | 8% | 6% | 13% | 7% | 17% |
| Some college | 28% | 28% | 33% | 26% | 29% |
| College graduate | 64% | 66% | 54% | 67% | 55% |
| Annual household income | |||||
| <$15,000 | 4% | 3% | 5% | 4% | 5% |
| $15,000–<$40,000 | 12% | 14% | 18% | 9% | 13% |
| $40,000–<$75,000 | 33% | 35% | 34% | 32% | 38% |
| ≥$75,000 | 51% | 49% | 44% | 56% | 44% |
| Current cigarette use | 11% | 7% | 17% | 10% | 16% |
| Duration of breastfeeding with formula | |||||
| 0–3 months | 54% | 57% | 58% | 50% | 52% |
| 3 months-<1 year | 32% | 30% | 33% | 36% | 33% |
| ≥1 year | 14% | 13% | 9% | 15% | 15% |
| Number of months since delivery | |||||
| <15 | 32% | 30% | 27% | 25% | 25% |
| 15–33 | 32% | 40% | 41% | 34% | 41% |
| >33 | 35% | 30% | 32% | 41% | 34% |
| Prenatal provider typeb | |||||
| Obstetrician | 91% | 93% | 89% | 91% | 87% |
| Family practitioner | 15% | 14% | 17% | 17% | 21% |
| Endocrinologist | 42% | 45% | 45% | 42% | 44% |
| Midwife | 6% | 6% | 9% | 6% | 6% |
| Dietician | 60% | 63% | 66% | 63% | 65% |
| Other | 5% | 4% | 5% | 6% | 6% |
| Insulin during pregnancy | 44% | 46% | 45% | 43% | 44% |
a
Bold indicates association at p < 0.05.
b
Women could see more than one type of provider, so percents do not sum to 100.