. 2008 Jun;17(5):783–792. doi: 10.1089/jwh.2007.0616

Table 3.

Association between Urinary Incontinence Measures during Pregnancy and after Delivery and Physical Activity, Adjusted for Patient Characteristics

Measure of physical activity	≥ Weekly incontinence during pregnancy	Incontinence affected activity during pregnancy	≥ Weekly incontinence after delivery	Incontinence affected activity after delivery
Number of hours spent walking over 2 weeks, reference = 0–1 hours
2	0.77 (0.31–1.89)^a	1.00 (0.38–2.66)^d	1.03 (0.43–2.49)^g	0.71 (0.25–2.04)^j
3	1.13 (0.46–2.79)^a	1.52 (0.59–3.86)^d	2.35 (0.96–5.79)^g	1.40 (0.53–3.73)^j
≥4	0.65 (0.29–1.45)^a	0.96 (0.40–2.28)^d	1.04 (0.48–2.28)^g	0.84 (0.34–2.09)^j
Perceived walking intensity, reference = no walking
Walking, no increase in heart rate	0.16 (0.02–1.39)^b	0.47 (0.07–3.21)^e	0.19 (0.03–1.41)^h	2.51 (0.22–29.28)^k
Walking with small increase in heart rate	0.29 (0.04–1.87)^b	0.55 (0.12–2.60)^e	0.48 (0.08–2.86)^h	2.16 (0.23–19.81)^k
Walking with medium increase in heart rate	0.31 (0.05–2.02)^b	0.71 (0.15–3.34)^e	0.27 (0.05–1.64)^h	3.10 (0.34–28.06)^k
Walking with large increase in heart rate	0.17 (0.02–1.36)^b	0.53 (0.09–3.21)^e	0.16 (0.02–1.18)^h	1.65 (0.14–19.30)^k
Leisure time vigorous activity, reference = no activity
Only light physical activity	0.88 (0.20–3.88)^c	1.50 (0.27–8.24)^f	2.07 (0.47–9.06)ⁱ	0.95 (0.18–4.99)^l
Vigorous activity for 20 minutes 1–2 times per week	0.80 (0.18–3.62)^c	2.71 (0.48–15.12)^f	1.54 (0.34–6.99)ⁱ	1.44 (0.27–7.71)^l
Vigorous activity for 20 minutes 3 times per week	0.66 (0.15–2.85)^c	0.94 (0.17–5.19)^f	0.93 (0.22–4.01)ⁱ	0.45 (0.08–2.42)^l

^{^a}

Adjusted for race (non-Hispanic white, Asian/Pacific Islander, African American, other), current smoking.

^{^b}

Adjusted for race (non-Hispanic white, Asian/Pacific Islander, African American, other), current smoking, prepregnancy BMI, obstetrician/gynecologist provider.

^{^c}

Adjusted for race (non-Hispanic white, Asian/Pacific Islander, African American, other), current smoking, time since delivery (months), family practice provider.

^{^d}

No covariates included, as no participant characteristic were significantly associated with incontinence in bivariate analyses.

^{^e}

Adjusted for pregnancy BMI, contact with an obstetrician/gynecologist.

^{^f}

Adjusted for race (non-Hispanic white, Asian/Pacific Islander, African American, other), current smoking, time since delivery (months), family practice provider.

^{^g}

Adjusted for time since delivery (months).

^{^h}

Adjusted for time since delivery (months), current BMI, contact with an obstetrician/gynecologist.

^ⁱ

Adjusted for race (non-Hispanic white, Asian/Pacific Islander, African American, other), current smoking, time since delivery (months), family practice provider.

^{^j}

Adjusted for education (less than high school, high school, some college or more), current BMI.

^{^k}

Adjusted for education (less than high school, high school, some college or more), current BMI, contact with an obstetrician/gynecologist.

^{^l}

Adjusted for race (non-Hispanic white, Asian/Pacific Islander, African American, other), education (less than high school, high school, some college or more), current BMI, current smoking, time since delivery (months), family practice provider.