Table 1.
Demographic and neuropsychological data.
| Mean (standard deviation) | SD | PNFA | LPA combined | GRN only | AD only | Controls |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of subjects | 9 | 14 | 9 | 2 | 5 | 18 |
| %Male | 33.3 | 71.4 | 55.6 | 50.0 | 80.0 | 50.0 |
| Age (years) | 62.3 (9.0) | 71.8 (6.8) | 64.1 (7.4) | 60.7 (12.7) | 63.1 (4.4) | 67.9 (5.4) |
| Duration from symptom onset (years) | 5.3 (1.2) | 5.3 (2.1) | 4.2 (0.9) | 3.7 (0.0) | 4.5 (1.0) | N/A |
| Mini-Mental State Examination (/30) | 22.7 (5.2)a | 24.4 (5.6)a | 15.9 (5.2)a,e,f | 16.0 (2.8)a | 13.8 (5.7)a | 29.7 (0.8) |
| Range of scores | 14–28 | 12–30 | 8–22 | 14–18 | 8–22 | 27–30 |
| CDR score | 0.6 (0.2)a | 0.6 (0.3)a | 0.8 (0.3)a | 0.8 (0.4)a | 0.7 (0.3)a | 0.0 (0.0) |
| Range of scores | 0.5–1 | 0–1 | 0.5–1 | 0.5–1 | 0.5–1 | 0 |
| CDR sum of boxes | 2.4 (1.5)a | 2.4 (1.3)a | 4.5 (1.4)a,e,f | 4.0 (2.8)a | 4.4 (1.3)a | 0.0 (0.0) |
| Range of scores | (0.5–5.5) | 0–4.5 | 2–6 | 2–6 | 3–5.5 | 0 |
| Frontal Assessment Battery⁎ (/18) | 14.2 (2.2)a | 11.4 (3.8)a,d | 8.1 (2.0)a,e,f | 9.5 (0.7)a | 7.4 (1.8)a | 17.8 (0.4) |
| Language | ||||||
| Naming task (/20) | 4.4 (3.2)a,b | 12.7 (6.4)a | 4.0 (4.3)a,f | 0.0 (0.0)a | 5.6 (4.6)a | 19.7 (0.7) |
| Single-word repetition task (/30) | 29.7 (1.0) | 23.4 (9.7)a,d | 22.3 (9.7)a,e | 18.5 (2.1)a | 26.6 (5.3) | 29.8 (0.4) |
| Sentence repetition task (/10) | NT1 | 6.3 (4.1)a | 3.7 (4.0)a,f | 0.5 (0.7)a | 5.0 (4.3)a | 10.0 (0.0) |
| British Picture Vocabulary Scale (/30) | 15.1 (5.2)a,b,c | 25.4 (4.0)a | 19.9 (3.5)a,f | 15.5 (2.1)a | 20.0 (2.3)a | 28.3 (0.9) |
| Test for reception of grammar (/20) | 16.3 (2.6)a | 15.5 (3.1)a | 12.0 (3.5)a,e,f | 10.5 (0.7)a | 12.6 (4.8)a | 19.0 (0.9) |
| Irregular word reading task (/30) | 15.4 (8.3)a | 18.1 (8.6)a | 11.4 (6.9)a,f | 4.5 (0.7)a | 14.4 (6.6)a | 28.3 (1.7) |
| Graded nonword reading test (/20) | NT1 | 9.6 (6.6)a | 7.7 (6.9)a | 6.0 (8.5)a | 11.3 (5.5)a | 19.7 (0.7) |
| Memory | ||||||
| Camden Pictorial Recognition Memory Test (/30) | 28.2 (2.2) | 29.4(0.8) | 24.8 (5.1)a,e,f | 23.0 (9.9)a | 24.2 (4.5)a | 29.7 (0.8) |
| Executive function | ||||||
| Trail making test A (scaled score) | 8.1 (2.8) | 4.1 (2.2)a,d | 4.7 (3.1)a,e | 4.0 (0.0)a | 4.5 (3.9)a | 9.5 (2.8) |
| Trail making test B (scaled score) | 8.0 (3.3) | 4.5 (3.3)a,d | 2.5 (1.1)a,e | 2.4 (0.2)a | 2.2 (0.8)a | 9.9 (2.5) |
| Other cognitive domains | ||||||
| Digit span forwards2 | 6.8 (1.5) | 5.1 (1.4)a,d | 3.7 (1.7)a,e,f | 2.5 (0.7)a | 3.8 (2.2)a | 6.9 (0.6) |
| Object decision (VOSP) (/20) | 17.2 (2.8) | 16.7 (2.3) | 16.7 (2.4) | 19.0 (0.0) | 15.6 (2.8) | 17.5 (2.3) |
| Graded Difficulty Arithmetic Test (/12)3 | 5.5 (4.2) | 3.0 (3.7)a | 1.1 (1.8)a,e | 1.5 (2.1)a | 0.0 (0.0)a | 7.2 (2.1) |
| Limb apraxia (% of cases) | 0.0 | 50.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 0.0 |
Statistically significant differences between the SD, PNFA, LPA and control groups are represented by superscript letters: ap < 0.05 disease group significantly worse than controls, bp < 0.05 SD worse than PNFA, cp < 0.05 SD worse than LPA, dp < 0.05 PNFA worse than SD, ep < 0.05 LPA worse than SD, fp < 0.05 LPA worse than PNFA. For the LPA subgroups of GRN only and AD only a superscript lettera represents p < 0.05 disease group significantly worse than controls. 1SD patients not tested (NT) on sentence repetition task or Graded Nonword Reading Test, 25 SD and all of the PNFA, LPA and controls performed this test, 34 SD, 5 PNFA, all of the LPA and 6 controls performed this test.
The Frontal Assessment Battery (Dubois et al., 2000) comprises the following subtests: conceptualization, mental flexibility, motor programming, sensitivity to interference, inhibitory control, and environmental autonomy.