Table 1.

Summary of psychosocial measures

Variable	Description	Measurement tool	# of items	Possible range	Cronbach’s alpha
Access to illness-management resources	Support (eg, informational or emotional) for the management of chronic illness available from one’s physician/health care team, family/friends, personal actions, neighborhood, community, media/policy, community organizations, and workplace	CIRS65	64	1–5	0.91
Interference of diabetes with daily life	Interference caused by diabetes to daily activities, work, and social/recreational activities	MDQ Subscale45	9	0–6	0.93
Perceived severity of diabetes	Extent to which diabetes is a severe health problem and causes concern/worry	MDQ Subscale45	3	0–6	0.87
Perceived diabetes-related social support	Social support received from significant others, family, friends, and health professionals	MDQ Subscale45	4	0–6	0.74
Positive reinforcing behaviors	Reinforcement received from significant others for engaging in desirable self-management behaviors	MDQ Subscale45	8	0–6	0.91
Misguided support behaviors	Nonsupportive behaviors by significant others to encourage self-management behaviors (eg, nagging)	MDQ Subscale45	4	0–6	0.82
Self efficacy in diabetes self management	Confidence in ability to perform desirable self-management behaviors	MDQ Subscale45	7	0–100	0.91
Outcome expectancies for self-care behaviors	Perceptions of the effects of desirable self-management behaviors on metabolic control and prevention of complications	MDQ Subscale45	6	0–100	0.88
Diabetes-related emotional distress	Emotional responses to issues unique to living with diabetes	PAID66	20	0–100	0.94

Abbreviations: CIRS, Chronic Illness Resources Survey; MDQ, Multidimensional Diabetes Questionnaire; PAID, Problem Areas in Diabetes Scale.