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Inhibition of force generation by preincubation with vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) in bioengineered tissue and rabbit longitudinal tissue. On treatment with VIP, both the native longitudinal tissue and the bioengineered tissue relaxed as indicated by the drop in baseline force. On subsequent stimulation with 1 μM ACh, force generated was lowered by 40% in magnitude. Force was also sustained only for 5 min, versus the 12 min of force sustenance in control ACh responses.
