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Determination of bacterial invasion (A), adherence (B), and IL-8 transcript abundance (C) following cytochalasin D treatment. HBMEC monolayers were treated with indicated concentrations of cytochalasin D for 30 min prior to infection with WT SPN or the ΔnanA mutant. IL-8 transcript levels were measured by real time RT-PCR following 6 h infection. Experiments were performed three times in triplicate. ** p<0.005, *** p<0.001.
