Table 1.

Derangements exacerbated by hyperglycemia during brain ischemia in animal studies, clinical studies, or both^a

Brain acidosis and increased lactate

Cytotoxic brain edema

Hemorrhagic transformation of infarcts

Impaired thrombolysis

Blood-brain barrier disruption

Cytotoxicity, slowed calcium recovery

Impaired ATP/energy recovery

Accumulation of free radicals

Impaired vascular reactivity

Stimulated inflammatory reactions

^aThe relative importance of these derangements has not been established

ATP—adenosine triphosphate