Table 5.

PRAC TPOCS-S codes examined in the current study

Strategy	Description
Behavioral techniques (directed to children only)
Delivering positive reinforcement	Rewarding positive behavior with labeled praise, physical, verbal, or material reinforcement; shaping, behavior reward systems, strategic attention
Delivering punishment/limit setting	Setting limits, activating response-cost, ignoring negative behavior, giving time-out, delivering punishment
Behavioral principles (directed to parents only)
Principles of positive reinforcement	Behavioral principles including, strategic attention, labeled praise, physical, verbal, and material reinforcement, shaping, and behavioral reward systems
Principles of effective limit-setting and punishment	Behavioral principles including, punishment, extinction, time-out, response-cost, giving commands, and limit-setting
Cognitive behavioral content (directed to children or parents)
Problem-solving skills	Methods to generate alternative solutions, evaluate options, consider consequences of each option, and provide self-rewards
Affect/anger management	Methods to manage/modulate anger including, perspective-taking, recognizing triggers of anger, relaxation skills
Affect education	Understanding, identifying, and labeling emotions. Recognizing physical and environmental cues of emotions
Teaching techniques (directed to children or parents)
Psychoeducation	Teaching through didactic instruction or explanation, video or biblio-instruction about topics such as, psychopathology, nature of child/family’s problems, treatment principles, and child development
Assigning and reviewing homework	Assigning and/or reviewing tasks to complete between sessions including, setting up behavior charts for implementation at home, practice relaxation techniques or problem solving skills
Role-playing/practice	Practicing/rehearsing skills in vivo or reenacting a hypothetical situation
Modeling	Demonstrating skills through live (in-session), imaginal (describing use of skill in hypothetical situation) or videotape methods. Also includes peer modeling
Extra-therapeutic techniques (directed to parents only)
Addressing family issues, care	Discussions about other family members’ (e.g., parents, siblings) mental or physical health, or broader psychosocial issues including identifying or assessing problems, and/or coordinating treatment or services
Addressing child’s external care	Discussions relating to management and coordination of care across multiple agencies and/or professionals, and/or therapeutic or structured programs