Table 2.

A summation of the consequences of SE based on age and model.

Rat age	SE model	Neuropathology	Behavioral impact in adulthood	Susceptibility to seizures and development of epilepsy in adulthood	Reference
P3 – P8	Pilocarpine	No apparent injury	None	Do not develop epilepsy	36
	KA	No apparent injury	↑ anxiety, deficits in short and long term learning and memory*	Do not develop epilepsy	38, 89, 90, 91
P8 – P10	Pilocarpine	Mild loss in dorsal hippocampus (CA4, CA1), septum, amygdala, thalamus, neocortex, hypothalamus	↑ aggression to handling; deficits in auditory discrimination, and visual spatial memory	Develop epilepsy ++	36, 37, 103, 104, 105
	Li Pilo	No apparent injury		↓ threshold to KA (but not GABAergic antagonist) induced seizures; but do not develop epilepsy	92, 93
	KA	? Reversible – all hippocampal sub fields	↑ anxiety, may have deficits in short and long term memory	Do not develop epilepsy	38, 89, 91, 94, 95
	PTZ	No injury / Mossy fiber sprouting†	None or memory deficits††	Do not develop epilepsy	80, 95, 96, 97
	Hyperthermia induced SE	Reversible – lateral amygdala; hippocampus (CA1, CA3)	Reference and working memory deficits	↓ threshold to KA induced seizures; Develop epilepsy	34, 35, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102
P11 – P24	Pilocarpine	Similar to P11 – P20 animals; but damage extends into the ventral hippocampus	Memory deficits	Develop epilepsy +++	19, 22, 36, 37
	Li Pilo	Similar to pilocarpine; but extensive cell loss in hippocampus (CA1 and DG) and associated mossy fiber sprouting. No CA3 loss	Spatial memory deficits	↑ susceptibility to kindling, develop epilepsy +	32, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110,
	KA	Reversible CA1 injury in pups < P18; in those P18 and above, irreversible CA1–CA3 damage, amygdala, lateral septum, mild damage to thalamus, hypothalamus and neocortex	↑ anxiety, deficits in short and long term memory	Do not (systemic administration) or can develop (focal application) epilepsy	38, 89, 91, 94, 111, 112
	PTZ	No injury	None	Do not develop epilepsy	74, 80
	ES			Develop epilepsy +	33
P25 – P35	Pilocarpine	Similar to P25 – P30 pilocarpine treated animals	↑ aggression, deficits in learning and memory, deficits in auditory discrimination	Develop epilepsy +++	19, 36, 103, 104, 115
	Li – Pilo	Similar to pilocarpine	Memory deficits	Develop epilepsy +++	111
	KA	Similar to P11 – P20 KA treated pups; but with increasing severity of damage	↑ anxiety, deficits in short and long term memory	↑ susceptibility to kindling; and develop epilepsy +++	38, 83, 84, 114
	PTZ	No injury	None	Do not develop epilepsy	95
	ES			Develop epilepsy +++	32
>P60	Li – Pilo	Similar to pilocarpine treated animals		Develop epilepsy +++	20, 22
	KA	Similar to P25 – P30 KA treated animals; but with greater severity	↑ anxiety, deficits in short and long term memory	↑ susceptibility to kindling, and develop epilepsy +++	38, 89
	PTZ	None	None / Transient learning deficit	Do not develop epilepsy	74, 115

^*Observed following focal administration of KA (see ref. 90)

^†But see ref. 97

^††Observed following repeated PTZ induced SE (see ref. 116)