TABLE 3.
Cumulative updateda intake of tea, coffee, carbonated beverages, and the risk of glioma among men in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (HPFS, 1986–2004) and women in the Nurses’ Health Study (NHS I, 1980–2004) and NHS II (1991–2005)
| Beverage | Quantity of Intake | Trend test p-value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Coffee and tea (cups/day) | 0–1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | ≥5 | |
| Cases/Person-years | 78/886,659 | 53/680,134 | 91/1,015,354 | 56/609,832 | 57/912,937 | |
| Pooled MV RR (95% CI)b, c | 1.00 (Reference) | 0.75 (0.44–1.26) | 0.89 (0.65–1.22) | 1.04e (0.51–2.13) | 0.60 (0.41–0.87) | 0.04 |
| Coffee (cups/day) | None | 1 | 2 | 3 | ≥4 | |
| Cases/Person-years | 47/681,953 | 72/858,800 | 54/635,722 | 86/1,008,541 | 76/919,900 | |
| Pooled MV RR (95% CI)b, c | 1.00 (Reference) | 0.82 (0.56–1.19) | 0.71 (0.35–1.45) | 0.85 (0.59–1.23) | 0.80 (0.54–1.17) | 0.51 |
| Coffee, caffeinated (cups/day) | None | 1 | 2 | ≥3 | ||
| Cases/Person-years | 79/925,585 | 81/871,674 | 121/1,635,311 | 54/672,346 | ||
| Pooled MV RR (95% CI)b, c | 1.00 (Reference) | 0.79 (0.58–1.09) | 0.71 (0.53–0.95) | 0.80 (0.55–1.15) | 0.27 | |
| Coffee, decaffeinated (cups/day) | None | 1 | 2 | ≥3 | ||
| Cases/Person-years | 75/1,268,472 | 133/1,439,836 | 72/830,723 | 55/565,885 | ||
| Pooled MV RR (95% CI)b, c | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.06 (0.78–1.43) | 1.05 (0.68–1.62) | 1.06d (0.71–1.58) | 0.77 | |
| Tea (cups/week) | None | 1 | 2–3 | 4–7 | ≥8 | |
| Cases/Person-years | 85/898,988 | 73/752,946 | 88/983,530 | 41/633,214 | 48/836,238 | |
| Pooled MV RR (95% CI)b, c | 1.00 (Reference) | 0.96 (0.70–1.32) | 0.92 (0.67–1.25) | 0.72 (0.42–1.23) | 0.71 (0.45–1.12) | 0.24 |
| Carbonated beverages, caffeinated (cups/week) | None | 1 | 2 | 3–4 | ≥5 | |
| Cases/Person-years | 82/734,585 | 91/960,836 | 79/859,941 | 40/562,424 | 43/987,130 | |
| Pooled MV RR (95% CI)b, c | 1.00 (Reference) | 0.88 (0.65–1.20) | 0.94 (0.68–1.31) | 0.87 (0.59–1.29) | 0.75 (0.51–1.11) | 0.13 |
| Carbonated beverages, decaffeinated (cups/week) | None | 1 | 2 | 3 | ≥4 | |
| Cases/Person-years | 83/969,370 | 104/1,205,497 | 64/657,686 | 53/575,895 | 31/696,468 | |
| Pooled MV RR (95% CI)b, c | 1.00 (Reference) | 0.97 (0.72–1.32) | 1.11 (0.79–1.55) | 1.23 (0.67–2.27) | 0.75 (0.49–1.17) | 0.31 |
Glioma risk was assessed with relation to the cumulative average of dietary intakes which was calculated from all dietary questionnaires (see Methods).
Multivariate (MV) RR and 95% confidence interval (CI) adjusted for age and total caloric intake.
Results were obtained from pooling the beta-coefficient and standard error estimates for the men and women by using the DerSimonian and Laird random-effects model. No evidence of heterogeneity by cohort was observed, except where noted by footnote e.
This value represents the pooled results of NHS I and HPFS only. NHS II data was collapsed into the level below due to the fact that no cases existed in the higher level.
The DerSimonian and Laird random-effects model Test of Heterogeneity was significant (p=0.04). The individual cohort MV RR and 95% confidence interval (CI) adjusted for age and total caloric intake are as follows: HPFS: 1.31 (0.80–2.16); NHS I: 0.58 (0.34–0.99); NHS II: 2.10 (0.54–8.16). The number of cases/person-years associated with the individual cohorts is as follows: HPFS: 26/96,707; NHS I: 26/359,560; NHS II: 4/153,565