Table 1.
Distribution of demographic, lifestyle, and arsenic exposure variables by diabetes status.
| Diabetes |
|||
|---|---|---|---|
| Variablea | Yes (n = 241) | No (n = 11,078) | p-Valueb |
| Men [n (%)] | 120 (49.8) | 4,736 (42.8) | 0.03 |
| Age (years) | 42 (30, 56) | 36 (25, 50) | < 0.01 |
| Education attainment (years) | 5 (0, 10) | 2 (0, 10) | < 0.01 |
| TV ownership [n (%)] | 124 (51.5) | 3,746 (33.8) | < 0.01 |
| Land ownership [n (%)] | 161 (67.1) | 5,424 (49.0) | < 0.01 |
| Cigarette-smoking status [n (%)] | |||
| Never | 157 (65.2) | 7,152 (64.6) | < 0.01 |
| Past | 29 (12.0) | 717 (6.5) | |
| Current | 55 (22.8) | 3,209 (28.9) | |
| Ever users of betel nut [n (%)] | 111 (46.1) | 4,220 (37.4) | 0.01 |
| Dietary intake of rice (g/day) | 1,461 (519, 2,070) | 1,554 (1,035, 2,101) | < 0.01 |
| Dietary intake of fish (g/day) | 50 (21, 99) | 47 (17, 98) | 0.20 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 122 (100, 151) | 112 (95, 136) | < 0.01 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 80 (65, 97) | 73 (60, 89) | 0.02 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 22.5 (17.6, 26.7) | 19.2 (16.3, 24.0) | < 0.01 |
| ≥ 20 [n (%)] | 54 (22.9) | 5,467 (50.5) | < 0.01 |
| < 20 [n (%)] | 182 (77.1) | 5,356 (49.5) | |
| Urinary creatinine (mg/dL)c | 44.1 (15.9, 102.2) | 45.9 (14.6, 120.1) | 0.03 |
| Arsenic concentration of index well (μg/L) | 53.0 (1.2, 236.0) | 62.0 (1.3, 264.0) | 0.08 |
| TWA (μg/L) | 53.0 (1.3, 258.0) | 62.0 (1.7, 255.2) | 0.33 |
| 0.1–8.0 [n (%)] | 52 (22.0) | 2,206 (20.6) | 0.50 |
| 8.1–41.0 [n (%)] | 53 (22.5) | 2,098 (19.6) | |
| 41.2–91.7 [n (%)] | 49 (20.8) | 2,102 (19.7) | |
| 91.8–176.1 [n (%)] | 38 (16.1) | 2,151 (20.1) | |
| 176.2–864.0 [n (%)] | 45 (18.6) | 2,140 (20.0) | |
| Urinary arsenic concentration (μg/L)c | 72.0 (23, 274) | 87.0 (23, 311) | 0.08 |
| 1–36 | 50 (21.5) | 2,160 (20.4) | |
| 37–66 | 58 (24.9) | 2,071 (19.6) | |
| 67–114 | 46 (19.7) | 2,126 (20.1) | |
| 115–204 | 43 (18.5) | 2,110 (19.9) | |
| ≥ 205 | 36 (15.5) | 2,126 (20.1) | |
| Creatinine-adjusted urinary arsenic (μg/g creatinine)c | 175.7 (66.5, 536.8) | 200.0 (62.5, 598.9) | < 0.01 |
| Urinary glucose (mg/dL)d [n (%)] | |||
| Negative | 90 (39.0) | 10,407 (99.1) | < 0.01 |
| 50 | 23 (10.0) | 39 (0.4) | |
| 100 | 14 (6.1) | 16 (0.2) | |
| ≥ 200 | 104 (44.9) | 35 (0.3) | |
| HbA1c (%)e | 6.8 (4.7, 10.9) | 4.9 (4.4, 5.4) | < 0.01 |
Abbreviations: DBP, diastolic blood pressure; SBP, systolic blood pressure. Values shown are median (10th percentile, 90th percentile) except where indicated.
Data were missing for the following variables: BMI (5 cases and 255 noncases); education (0 and 6 subjects); TV ownership (0 and 2 subjects); rice intake (0 and 18 subjects); fish intake (5 and 131 subjects); blood pressure (2 and 237 subjects); and TWA (5 and 381 subjects).
p-Values from the chi-square test or t-test.
Based on 233 cases and 10,593 noncases with urine samples and total urinary arsenic analysis results.
Based on 231 cases and 10,497 noncases with urine samples and urine glucose dipstick test results that were available.
Based on a subgroup of 45 diabetes cases and 1,999 noncases.