Table 2.
Associations [OR (95% CI)] between arsenic exposure and diabetes.
| Quintiles |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arsenic exposure variable | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | p for trenda |
| TWA (μg/L) | 0.1–8.0 | 8.1–41.0 | 41.2–91.7 | 91.8–176.1 | 176.2–864.0 | |
| n (cases/noncases) | 52/2,206 | 53/2,098 | 49/2,102 | 38/2,151 | 44/2,140 | |
| Model 1b | 1.00 | 1.28 (0.85–1.91) | 1.20 (0.80–1.81) | 0.95 (0.61–1.47) | 1.08 (0.71–1.65) | 0.95 |
| Model 2c | 1.00 | 1.35 (0.90–2.02) | 1.24 (0.82–1.87) | 0.96 (0.62–1.49) | 1.11 (0.73–1.69) | 0.33 |
| Urinary arsenic (μg/L) | 1–36 | 37–66 | 67–114 | 115–204 | ≥ 205 | |
| n (cases/noncases) | 50/2,160 | 58/2,071 | 46/2,126 | 43/2,110 | 36/2,126 | |
| Model 1b | 1.00 | 1.29 (0.87–1.91) | 0.99 (0.65–1.50) | 0.90 (0.59–1.39) | 0.87 (0.56–1.36) | 0.09 |
| Model 2c | 1.00 | 1.29 (0.87–1.91) | 1.05 (0.69–1.59) | 0.94 (0.61–1.44) | 0.93 (0.59–1.45) | 0.14 |
| Model 3d | 1.00 | 1.44 (0.97–2.17) | 1.20 (0.77–1.85) | 1.16 (0.73–1.85) | 1.22 (0.73–2.03) | 0.83 |
| High BMI (BMI ≥ 20)e | ||||||
| TWA (μg/L) | ||||||
| n (cases/noncases) | 39/883 | 32/803 | 32/805 | 27/797 | 35/740 | |
| Model 2c | 1.00 | 1.02 (0.63–1.67) | 1.01 (0.62–1.65) | 0.86 (0.51–1.42) | 1.13 (0.70–1.82) | 0.72 |
| Urinary arsenic (μg/L) | ||||||
| n (cases/noncases) | 35/879 | 39/850 | 31/824 | 35/803 | 26/729 | |
| Model 2c | 1.00 | 1.16 (0.72–1.87) | 1.01 (0.61–1.68) | 1.14 (0.70–1.87) | 1.06 (0.62–1.80) | 0.70 |
| Model 3d | 1.00 | 1.35 (0.83–2.21) | 1.17 (0.69–1.98) | 1.46 (0.85–2.51) | 1.41 (0.77–2.59) | 0.41 |
| Low BMI (BMI < 20)e | ||||||
| TWA (μg/L) | ||||||
| n (cases/noncases) | 13/1,323 | 21/1,295 | 17/1,297 | 11/1,354 | 9/1,400 | |
| Model 2c | 1.00 | 1.74 (0.86–3.49) | 1.35 (0.65–2.79) | 0.83 (0.37–1.87) | 0.66 (0.28–1.56) | 0.07 |
| Urinary arsenic (μg/L) | ||||||
| n (cases/noncases) | 15/1,281 | 19/1,221 | 15/1,302 | 8/1,307 | 10/1,397 | |
| Model 2c | 1.00 | 1.53 (0.75–3.12) | 1.11 (0.52–2.34) | 0.51 (0.20–1.27) | 0.70 (0.30–1.60) | 0.07 |
| Model 3d | 1.00 | 1.62 (0.79–3.34) | 1.23 (0.56–2.69) | 0.59 (0.22–1.55) | 0.87 (0.34–2.25) | 0.15 |
a
Estimated using arsenic exposure as a continuous variable in the model.
b
Model 1: ORs were adjusted for age, sex, and BMI.
c
Model 2: ORs were adjusted for age, sex, BMI, smoking status, and educational attainment.
d
Model 3: ORs were adjusted for age, sex, BMI, smoking status, educational attainment, and urinary creatinine.
e
p-Values for interaction between arsenic exposure and BMI were 0.76 (for well water arsenic, Model 2), 0.90 (for urinary arsenic, Model 2), and 0.89 (for urinary arsenic, Model 3).