Table 2.
Main anthropometric, clinical, functional, and radiological variables in patients with COPD, stratified according to disease severity (GOLD) and gender (mean ± SD, or proportion).
| GOLD II | GOLD III | GOLD IV | Comparing | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Females (n = 380) |
Males (n = 574) |
p value |
Females (n = 293) |
Males (n = 618) |
p value |
Females (n = 77) |
Males (n = 219) |
p value | GOLD stage within females | GOLD stage within males | |
| Clinical Data | |||||||||||
| Age (years) | 63.0 ± 7.1 | 63.8 ± 7.3 | 0.043 | 62.6 ± 6.8 | 64.2 ± 7.0 | < 0.001 | 60.7 ± 6.8 | 63.0 ± 7.0 | 0.012 | 0.034 | 0.075 |
| Pack-years | 41.1 ± 21.6 | 52.7 ± 31.4 | < 0.001 | 42.6 ± 21.2 | 52.2 ± 27.0 | < 0.001 | 41.1 ± 21.8 | 52.1 ± 28.4 | < 0.001 | 0.547 | 0.640 |
| Current smokers (%) | 40 | 36 | 0.300 | 37 | 38 | 0.695 | 27 | 28 | 0.922 | 0.114 | 0.027 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27.2 ± 6.4 | 27.5 ± 5.2 | 0.066 | 25.6 ± 6.0 | 26.4 ± 5.2 | 0.008 | 23.4 ± 6.4 | 25.5 ± 5.3 | 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| FFMI (kg/m2) | 16.2 ± 3.0 | 18.4 ± 2.6 | < 0.001 | 15.4 ± 2.3 | 17.8 ± 2.6 | < 0.001 | 14.8 ± 2.5 | 17.0 ± 2.4 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| mMRC score | 1.4 ± 1.0 | 1.3 ± 1.0 | 0.645 | 1.9 ± 1.0 | 1.8 ± 1.0 | 0.050 | 2.3 ± 1.0 | 2.3 ± 1.0 | 0.975 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| SGRQ-C (total) | 43.8 ± 20.2 | 41.6 ± 20.9 | 0.193 | 55.4 ± 18.0 | 53.4 ± 18.5 | 0.215 | 61.3 ± 15.6 | 61.8 ± 16.1 | 0.885 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Number of exacerbationsa | 0.8 ± 1.2 | 0.5 ± 0.9 | < 0.001 | 1.2 ± 1.4 | 0.9 ± 1.3 | 0.005 | 1.5 ± 1.6 | 1.1 ± 1.4 | 0.044 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Heart trouble (%) | 19 | 30 | < 0.001 | 17 | 30 | < 0.001 | 22 | 27 | 0.343 | 0.632 | 0.687 |
| Heart attack (%) | 5 | 13 | < 0.001 | 6 | 10 | 0.033 | 1 | 10 | 0.011 | 0.280 | 0.275 |
| Stroke (%) | 5 | 4 | 0.544 | 3 | 3 | 0.805 | 4 | 3 | 0.645 | 0.557 | 0.467 |
| Heart failure (%) | 4 | 9 | 0.002 | 3 | 8 | 0.003 | 11 | 9 | 0.597 | 0.007 | 0.884 |
| Arrhythmia (%) | 10 | 14 | 0.068 | 8 | 15 | 0.010 | 12 | 10 | 0.684 | 0.604 | 0.315 |
| Osteoporosis (%) | 28 | 5 | < 0.001 | 32 | 7 | < 0.001 | 29 | 7 | < 0.001 | 0.601 | 0.415 |
| Diabetes (%) | 9 | 13 | 0.079 | 5 | 10 | 0.010 | 7 | 13 | 0.154 | 0.138 | 0.341 |
| Inflammatory bowel disease (%) | 9 | 4 | 0.003 | 6 | 3 | 0.016 | 12 | 4 | 0.019 | 0.156 | 0.308 |
| Peptic ulcer (%) | 10 | 12 | 0.283 | 10 | 11 | 0.728 | 11 | 7 | 0.239 | 0.959 | 0.082 |
| Reflux/heartburn (%) | 36 | 29 | 0.022 | 30 | 20 | 0.002 | 27 | 19 | 0.138 | 0.163 | 0.001 |
| Depression requiring Tx (%) | 23 | 11 | < 0.001 | 32 | 10 | < 0.001 | 26 | 12 | 0.004 | 0.036 | 0.846 |
| Physiology | |||||||||||
| FEV1 (% predicted) | 63.6 ± 8.2 | 62.8 ± 8.5 | 0.119 | 41.0 ± 5.8 | 40.0 ± 5.8 | 0.017 | 25.4 ± 3.2 | 24.5 ± 3.8 | 0.156 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| FEV1/FVC (%) | 53.2 ± 8.8 | 52.5 ± 8.8 | 0.251 | 41.4 ± 8.9 | 40.0 ± 8.9 | 0.021 | 34.5 ± 8.0 | 31.2 ± 7.2 | 0.002 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| FEV1 reversibility (%) | 10.6 ± 12.1 | 11.7 ± 13.0 | 0.056 | 10.3 ± 14.8 | 11.4 ± 14.5 | 0.316 | 5.5 ± 13.2 | 8.9 ± 14.0 | 0.037 | 0.002 | 0.007 |
| 6MWD (metres) | 391 ± 113 | 415 ± 110 | 0.003 | 333 ± 119 | 366 ± 116 | < 0.001 | 265 ± 118 | 297 ± 119 | 0.069 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| BODE Index | 1.7 ± 1.4 | 1.6 ± 1.3 | 0.715 | 4.2 ± 1.6 | 3.8 ± 1.6 | < 0.001 | 6.0 ± 1.6 | 5.6 ± 1.6 | 0.079 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Imaging | |||||||||||
| Emphysema (%) | 11.2 ± 9.5 | 12.7 ± 9.5 | 0.002 | 20.1 ± 11.7 | 20.0 ± 11.5 | 0.876 | 27.1 ± 13.7 | 28.6 ± 12.1 | 0.435 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Bronchiectasis (%) | < 1 | 2 | 0.057 | 3 | 6 | 0.044 | 9 | 7 | 0.468 | < 0.001 | 0.003 |
a In the year prior to study entry.
Abbreviations: tx: treatment.