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ELISA assay shows increased levels 4-hydroxy-trans-2-nonenal (4-HNE) in VSMC lysates 24 h after exposure to spermine. Cotreatments with all three antioxidants (NAC, F1, and F2) significantly (P < 0.05) prevent SP-induced increase in 4-HNE levels. Values are means ± SE. Means with unlike superscripts differ significantly. Data are based on three replicates from 3 separate experiments.
