Fig. 4.

Meal frequency. A: DOM and SUB have a reduced meal frequency upon VBS exposure, and meal number remained suppressed in SUB. B: Overall, meal frequency was reduced in DOM and SUB during the hierarchy-formation phase, but only remained decreased in SUB through the duration of VBS housing. C: meal frequency was similar among groups during the recovery period except during the last week when SUB consumed fewer meals than DOM. D: there were no overall significant differences in meal number during recovery. Data are expressed as mean ± SE. *P < 0.01 vs. CON; **P < 0.001 vs. CON; †P < 0.01 vs. DOM; ‡P < 0.01 vs. CON and DOM; ‡‡P < 0.001 vs. CON and DOM; §P < 0.01 SUB vs. DOM.