Histological and echocardiographic detection of enlarged hearts and diminished cardiac contractility in CHT+/− mice. A: ratio of heart weight (HW; in g) to body weight (BW; in g) × 1,000. Values are means ± SE; n = 7 CHT+/+ mice and 9 CHT+/− mice. Significance was determined using a one-tailed, unpaired Student's t-test (*P < 0.05 compared with the CHT+/+ group). B: fractional shortening (in %) calculated by images at both maximal systole and diastole. C: measure of left ventricular mass (in g) in young (2–3 mo old) and aged (10–12 mo old) CHT+/+ and CHT+/− mice. Values are means ± SE; n = 8 mice/group (young CHT+/+, young CHT+/−, aged CHT+/+, and CHT+/− groups) Significance was determined using a one-tailed, unpaired Student's t-test (genotype × same age group) (*P < 0.04, **P < 0.02, and +P < 0.05, young vs. aged CHT+/− mice).