Fig. 6.

Parkin is tyrosine-phosphorylated in the striatum and substantia nigra of PD patients. Anti-parkin IP samples from substantia nigra (A), striatum (B), and cortex lysates (C) were immunoblotted with anti-phosphotyrosine antibodies to monitor tyrosine-phosphorylated parkin, anti-parkin antibodies to show immunoprecipitated parkin, anti-c-Abl antibodies to show coimmunoprecipitated c-Abl, and anti-ubiquitin to show ubiquitinated parkin. Brain lysates were immunoblotted with anti-AIMP2, anti-phospho-c-Abl, anti-c-Abl, and anti-FBP1 antibodies to monitor their levels and an anti-actin antibody was used as a loading control. Relative phospho-parkin levels normalized to immunoprecipitated parkin, relative phospho-c-Abl levels normalized to c-Abl, and relative AIMP2 and FBP1 levels normalized to β-actin are indicated in D (substantia nigra), E (striatum), and F (cortex). The data are the mean ± SEM. Statistical significance was determined by applying the unpaired two-tailed Student's t test. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001. All experiments were repeated at least three times and representative images of the immunoblots are shown.