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The three types of pedicle perforation. (a): correct screw placement without pedicle perforation or with pedicle perforation <1.0 mm (depth of the thread); (b): pedicle perforation >1.0 mm or screw tip encroaching the vertebral foramen but without the need for any screw revision and (c): pedicle perforation >1.0 mm with the need for screw revision because of irritation or injury of roots or the spinal cord, or because of reduced biomechanical stability
