Table 3.
Multiple Logistic Regressions for Risk Factors of Diabetic Retinopathy and Vision-Threatening Diabetic Retinopathy in Individuals With Diabetes Aged 40 Years and Older: NHANES 2005–2008
| Diabetic Retinopathy |
Vision-Threatening Diabetic Retinopathy |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | PM (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | PM (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) |
| Age per y | NA | 0.99 (0.95–1.02) | NA | 1.00 (0.95–1.05) |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 38.1 (32.6–43.6) | 2.07 (1.39–3.10) | 6.1 (3.4–8.8) | 1.79 (0.67–4.80) |
| Female | 27.1 (22.4–31.8) | 1 [Reference] | 3.8 (1.9–5.7) | 1 [Reference] |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||
| Non-Hispanic white | 31.2 (25.4–37.0) | 1 [Reference] | 3.3 (1.6–5.0) | 1 [Reference] |
| Non-Hispanic black | 38.9 (30.4–47.4) | 1.62 (0.81–3.26) | 9.8 (5.7–13.8) | 3.77 (1.47–9.69) |
| Mexican American | 31.7 (19.5–43.9) | 1.03 (0.39–2.76) | 9.5 (2.0–17.0) | 3.63 (1.05–12.56) |
| Other | 29.3 (19.9–38.6) | 0.88 (0.42–1.82) | 2.9 (0–6.5) | 0.86 (0.19–3.82) |
| Education | ||||
| <High school | 33.8 (26.9–40.7) | 1 [Reference] | 6.3 (3.2–9.3) | 1 [Reference] |
| ≥High school | 31.8 (26.8–36.7) | 0.87 (0.51–1.50) | 4.0 (2.1–5.9) | 0.59 (0.22–1.54) |
| Health insurance | ||||
| Yes | 31.8 (27.2–36.4) | 0.74 (0.34–1.59) | 5.1 (3.6–6.6) | 2.27 (0.54–9.52) |
| No | 36.5 (25.4–47.6) | 1 [Reference] | 2.5 (0–5.5) | 1 [Reference] |
| Hemoglobin A1c per percentage point | NA | 1.45 (1.20–1.75) | NA | 1.21 (0.97–1.50) |
| Duration of diabetes per y | NA | 1.06 (1.03–1.10) | NA | 1.03 (1.01–1.05) |
| Insulin use | ||||
| Yes | 47.4 (39.1–55.8) | 3.23 (1.99–5.26) | 7.5 (4.8–10.1) | 2.63 (1.34–5.15) |
| No | 26.7 (21.9–31.5) | 1 [Reference] | 3.3 (1.9–4.7) | 1 [Reference] |
| Systolic blood pressure per mm Hg | NA | 1.03 (1.02–1.03) | NA | 1.03 (1.01–1.06) |
| Diastolic blood pressure per mm Hg | NA | 0.96 (0.93–0.98) | NA | 0.96 (0.94–0.98) |
| BMIa | ||||
| Normal <25 | 30.9 (21.2–40.6) | 1 [Reference] | 4.0 (0–8.0) | 1 [Reference] |
| Overweight 25-<30 | 37.0 (29.4–44.6) | 1.49 (0.71–3.13) | 4.8 (2.2–7.4) | 1.25 (0.29–5.41) |
| Obese ≥30 | 30.3 (25.4–35.3) | 0.96 (0.47–1.96) | 5.0 (2.7–7.2) | 1.31 (0.34–5.05) |
| Smoking status | ||||
| Yes | 36.8 (25.4–48.3) | 1.40 (0.67–2.92) | 3.3 (1.1–5.5) | 0.61 (0.25–1.47) |
| No | 31.6 (27.3–35.9) | 1 [Reference] | 5.0 (3.5–6.5) | 1 [Reference] |
| History of CVD | ||||
| Yes | 33.5 (27.0–40.0) | 1.10 (0.72–1.71) | 6.4 (2.7–10.1) | 1.69 (0.58–4.92) |
| No | 32.0 (27.4–36.5) | 1 [Reference] | 4.2 (2.3–6.0) | 1 [Reference] |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; CVD, cardiovascular disease; NA, not applicable; NHANES, National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys; OR, odds ratio; PM, predictive margin.
a
BMI was calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared.