FIGURE 1.

Presence of TH2-3 suppresses LPS-stimulated secretion of TNF-α. The concentration of TNF-α in the cell culture supernatants was monitored by an ELISA following stimulation of cells with LPS (10 ng/ml) in the absence or presence of 100 μg/ml TH2-3 (pre-, co-, and post-treatments) for 1, 2, 4, and 24 h of treatment. The percentages of TNF-α release by pre-, co-, and post-treatments against LPS alone were estimated, and the values were subtracted from 100% and are displayed as the TNF-α inhibition percent against LPS. Values are the mean of three to five independent experiments (n = 3–5). Error bars, S.E. *, values differ at p < 0.05.