Table 2. Demographic characteristics, sexual initiation, substance use, attachment to school, and positive parent communication among 15-year-olds: Prevalence and means by gender and nation.
| BOYS (n=2,722) | GIRLS (n=2,902) | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States (n=625) | Scotland (n=616) | Finland (n=377) | Franceb (n=431) | Poland (n=673) | p-valuea | United States (n=718) | Scotland (n=699) | Finland (n=421) | France (n=491) | Poland (n=573) | p-valuea | |
| Prevalence | ||||||||||||
| Family SES | ||||||||||||
| Low (%) | 42.1 | 50.7 | 46.7 | 31.3 | 63.6 | *** | 43.2 | 51.2 | 57.0 | 37.3 | 73.3 | *** |
| Medium (%) | 19.0 | 28.3 | 30.2 | 30.4 | 27.0 | 21.9 | 31.0 | 29.9 | 30.4 | 20.2 | ||
| High (%) | 38.9 | 21.1 | 23.1 | 38.3 | 9.4 | 35.0 | 17.7 | 13.1 | 32.4 | 6.5 | ||
| Living arrangement | ||||||||||||
| Two biologic parents (%) | 58.9 | 77.1 | 75.1 | 76.8 | 86.5 | *** | 56.0 | 70.7 | 71.0 | 79.6 | 86.9 | *** |
| Stepfamily (%) | 17.4 | 6.8 | 9.3 | 8.4 | 3.0 | 15.6 | 9.4 | 9.5 | 8.4 | 4.4 | ||
| Single parent (%) | 21.3 | 14.3 | 14.6 | 13.7 | 10.3 | 26.0 | 18.6 | 19.2 | 11.4 | 8.4 | ||
| Other (%) | 2.4 | 1.8 | 1.1 | 1.2 | 0.3 | 2.4 | 1.3 | 0.2 | 0.6 | 0.4 | ||
| Sexual initiation (%) | 29.6 | 33.1 | 18.0 | 29.9 | 28.2 | *** | 30.4 | 36.9 | 26.6 | 20.2 | 11.5 | *** |
| Means (SE) | ||||||||||||
| Substance use (range -1.58 to 1.96) | -0.76 (0.04) | -0.36 (0.04) | -0.06 (0.06) | 0.04 (0.05) | 0.01 (0.04) | *** | -0.66 (0.04) | 0.43 (0.04) | 0.06 (0.05) | -0.12 (0.05) | -0.35 (0.04) | *** |
| School attachment (range -3.43 to 2.73) | 0.41 (0.05) | -0.22 (0.05) | -0.72 (0.06) | -0.44 (0.06) | 0.07 (0.05) | *** | 0.40 (0.05) | -0.08 (0.04) | -0.65 (0.05) | -0.33 (0.05) | 0.03 (0.04) | *** |
| Positive parent communication (range 0 - 1) | 0.84 (0.01) | 0.68 (0.02) | 0.64 (0.02) | 0.65 (0.02) | 0.71 (0.01) | *** | 0.72 (0.01) | 0.62 (0.01) | 0.52 (0.02) | 0.50 (0.02) | 0.60 (0.02) | *** |
*
p<0.05
**
p<0.01
***
p<0.001
a
Chi-square or ANOVA test for differences between countries within gender
b
France was represented by two regions only in the 1998 HBSC.