Table 5.
List of agents assessed for prevention of CIN and the literature available on each.
| Agent | Mechanism | Comment |
|---|---|---|
| Dopamine [93–95] | Renal vasodilatation | No clear benefit |
| Deleterious in PVD | ||
| Fenoldopam [96–98] | Selective dopa 1 receptor agonist | No clear benefit |
| May be intrarenal at higher doses | ||
| Theophylline [95, 99–101] | Adenosine receptor antagonist | No clear benefit |
| Calcium Channel Blockers [102–104] | Relieve vasoconstriction | No clear benefit |
| Prostaglandin E [105] | Vasodilatation | May be beneficial |
| Ascorbic Acid [106] | Antioxidant | May be beneficial |
| ANP [107] | Vasodilatation | No benefit |
| Hemodialysis [108, 109] | Removal of offending agent | No benefit |
| Hemofiltration [110, 111] | Continuous | May be beneficial |