Table 6.

Studies assessing incidence of CIN in patients with exposure of gadolinium as contrast.

Study	Sample design	Contrast dose	Renal status	CIN definition	Renal outcome	Preventive treatment used
Spinosa (2000) [112]	35-Randomized	0.29 mmol/kg (0.13–0.40 mmol/kg) Gadolinium; 51 mL (33–80 mL) nonionic contrast	Cr > 1.5 mg/dL	>0.5 mg/dL increase in [Cr ] within 48 hours	5 % (1/20) exposed to Gadolinium; 40% (6/15) exposed to nonionic contrast	Volume administration
Erley (2004) [113]	21-Prospective, randomized study	0.57 ± 0.17 mmol/kg Gadolinium; 0.60 ± 0.271 mmol/kg Iohexol	Cr > 1.5 mg/dL or GFR < 50 mL/min	>50% decrease in GFR	50% (5/10) exposed to Gadolinium and 45% (5/11) exposed to Iohexol	Volume administration
Briguori (2006) [114]	57-Retrospective study	0.6 ± 0.3 mmol/kg Gadolinium based; 122 ± 58 mL Iodixanol	Cr > 2 mg/dL or CrCL < 40 mL/min	>0.5 mg/dL increase in [Cr ] within 48 hours or need for dialysis within 5 days	28% (7/ 25) exposed to Gadolinium plus iodinated contrast and 6.5% (2/32) exposed to iodinated contrast alone	Normal saline plus N-acetylcysteine
Reed (2007) [115]	169-Retrospective Study	151 ± 79 mL Gadolinium (with Iodinated contrast dilution); 136 ± 72 mL iodinated contrast	CrCl < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2, a serum Cr level >1.5 mL/dL, and not on hemodialysis.	≥0.5 mg/dL increase in [Cr] within 5 days	16% (14/90) of those exposed to diluted Gadolinium and 14% (11/79) of Iodinated contrast	N-acetylcysteine plus Volume administration
Kane [38] (2008)	163-Retrospective Study	3 comparative groups receiving 76 ± 40 mL Gadolinium; 55 ± 35 Gadolinium (with 37 ± 37 Iodinated contrast); 102 ± 50 Iodinated contrast	Cr ≥ 2 mg/dL	≥0.5 mg/dL increase in [Cr] within 7 days	5.3% (3/57) in Gadolinium only; 10.5% (4/38) in Gadolinium + Iodinated Contrast; 20.6% (14/68) in Iodinated contrast alone	N-acetylcysteine plus Volume administration

CrCL: Creatinine Clearance; Cr: Serum Creatinine GFR: Glomerular Filtration Rate.