Table 1.

Study discussing the effect of PTH on T-lymphocytes.

	Study design	PTH	Assays	Results
Shasha et al. [37]	T lymphocytes from 9 healthy subjects	Human and bovine (1–84) PTH.	Stimulation with: Phytohemagglutinin, ConA.	Both PTH had a dose-dependant inhibition of transformation of T-lymphocytes.
	Incubated for 72 hours	60, 300, and 1200 mIU/ml.	Proliferation assessed with thymidine uptake.	Human PTH decreased CD4/CD8 ratio. Both PTH had inhibition E rosette formation.
Alexiewicz et al. [38]	Mononuclear cells from: 33 hemodialysis patients 38 healthy subjects	(1–84) PTH bovine.	Stimulation with: Phytohemagglutinin	T lymphocytes of ESRD patients had lower ability to proliferate and produce IL-2 after stimulation. Adding IL-2 to T-lymphocytes of dialysis patients did no reverse the proliferation defect.
	Cultured 5 days.	4 × 10−7 M	Proliferation assessed with thymidine uptake.
Klinger et al. [40]	T lymphocytes from 34 healthy subjects	Bovine (1–34) PTH, bovine (1–84) PTH.	Stimulation with: Phytohemagglutinin, pokeweed mitogen.	(1–84) PTH increased lymphocytes proliferation in dose-dependent manner, increased IL-2 production. (1–34) PTH increased lymphocytes proliferation but lesser than (1–84) PTH. (1–84) PTH had no effect on CD4/CD8 ratio. Both PTH stimulated cAMP production.
	Cultured 5d.	10−7, 2 × 10−7  and 4 × 10−7 M.	Proliferation assessed with thymidine uptake.
Lewin et al. [41]	T-lymphocytes from rats: 18 nephrectomy v/s 17 healthy. Then 6/18 and 9/17 had parathyroidectomy. 72 hours incubation.	Rat (1–84) PTH	Stimulation with: Phytohemagglutinin.	T-lymphocyte response to stimulation was higher in uremic rats. Parathyroidectomy reduced T-cell response to PTH which stimulation enhanced T-cell stimulation (dose dependent) only in uremic rats.
		10−7, 2 × 10−7  and 4 × 10−7 M.	Proliferation assessed with thymidine uptake.
Angelini et al. [42]	54 patient with ESRD: 26 normal serum PTH. 28 high serum PTH. Controls are heathy subjects.	PTH measured with radioimmunoassay.	N/A	Both groups had decreased T-lymphocytes number. Decreased in total CD4 cells number and CD4/CD8 ratio in the group of high serum PTH. Higher total CD8 number in patient with normal serum PTH. PTH shows a linear correlation with CD8 cells and reverse correlation with total T lymphocytes, CD4, and CD4/CD8 ratio.
Angelini et al. [43]	Population of hemodialysis patients: 26 normal PTH, 28 elevated PTH	PTH measured by immunoradiometry	N/A	Both groups have decreased total number of lymphocytes. Reverse correlation between levels of PTH and number of T-lymphocytes. linear correlation between levels of PTH and IL-2 Linear correlation between CD8 cells and PTH.
Kaneko et al. [39]	T lymphocytes from 16 hemodialysis patients	Recombinant human (1–84) PTH.	Stimulation with: anti-CD3 antibody, PPD and allo- antigens.	No correlation between PTH levels and the stimulation index. PTH decreased the stimulation index in hemodialysis patients and increased it in normal subjects at 10 ng/dl.
	Incubated for 64 hours	0.1 to10 ng/ml.	Proliferation assessed with thymidine uptake.
Tzanno-Martins et al. [44]	Hemodialysis patients lymphocytes with high and low PTH.	PTH measured by immunoradiometry	Stimulation with: Phytohemagglutinin, pokeweed mitogen.	Both group had lower than normal total lymphocytes number. CD4 and CD4/CD8 were higher in high PTH group. Higher secretion of IgM in both group compared to controlled with normal kidney function. Positive correlation between PTH levels and proliferation of lymphoproliferative response of CD4. No difference if the patients were treated by nifedipine and 1,25-hydroxyvitamin D.
			Proliferation assessed with thymidine uptake.
Ozdemir et al. [45]	54 hemodialysis patients: (1) 20 with PTH< 65 ng/ml. (2) 34 with PTH>300 ng/ml. Only group 2 was treated with VitD replacement.	PTH levels measured by immunometric assay.	N/A	CRP, ferritin concentrations were higher in the group with normal PTH. CD4/CD8 ratio was lower in low PTH group.