Table 3.
Depression, anxiety, pain and quality of life scores throughout the study period
| baseline | week 6 | week 12 | P (anova) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| BDI-whole sample (mean ± s.d.) | 28.0 ± 10.7 | 24.9 ± 12.3* | 22.5 ± 10.7*** | < 0.0001 |
| ES | 0.29 | 0.51 | ||
| BDI > 18 (N = 41) (mean ± s.d.) | 31 ± 9.2 | 26.9 ± 12.0* | 23.3 ± 10.1*** | < 0.0001 |
| ES | 0.45 | 0.84 | ||
| HADS-depression (mean ± s.d.) | 12.4 ± 4.9 | 11.6 ± 4.8 | 11.0 ± 5.0** | = 0.0142 |
| ES | 0.16 | 0.29 | ||
| HADS depression > 7 (N = 43) (mean ± s.d.) | 13.6 ± 3.8 | 12.5 ± 4.2 | 11.6 ± 4.5** | = 0.0054 |
| ES | 0.29 | 0.53 | ||
| HADS anxiety (mean ± s.d.) | 13.8 ± 4.2 | 13.1 ± 4.7 | 12.3 ± 4.9** | = 0.0041 |
| ES | 0.17 | 0.36 | ||
| HADS anxiety >7 (N = 47) (mean ± s.d.) | 14.5 ± 3.4 | 13.6 ± 4.3 | 12.7 ± 4.4** | = 0.0061 |
| ES | 0.26 | 0.53 | ||
| BPI: mean pain severity (mean ± s.d.) | 7.47 ± 1.6 | 7.00 ± 1.8* | 6.95 ± 1.8* | = 0.0154 |
| ES | 0.29 | 0.33 | ||
| BPI: pain interference with daily activities (mean ± s.d.) | 8.42 ± 1.7 | 7.11 ± 2.2*** | 6.82 ± 2.6*** | < 0.0001 |
| ES | 0.66 | 0.84 | ||
| SF-36: PCS (mean ± s.d.) | 27.3 ± 4.1 | 28.2 ± 5.2 | N.S. | |
| ES | -0.22 | |||
| SF-36: MCS (mean ± s.d.) | 28.0 ± 11.5 | 30.7 ± 12.5* | = 0.0383 | |
| ES | -0.23 |
*: p < 0.05, **:p < 0.01, and ***: p < 0.001 in relation to baseline (Dunnett's post-test)
ES: effect size; bold: moderate and large effect sizes