Table 1.
Characteristics of cases and controls
| Cases n=59 | Controls n=116 | P-value a | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal characteristics at recruitment: | |||
| Age (y) | 25.6 ± 5.1 b | 25.1 ± 4.5 | 0.41 |
| Lacks primary schooling [n (%)] | 8 (13.6) | 16 (13.8) | 0.99 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.8 ± 3.2 | 23.3 ± 2.8 | 0.13 |
| Symptomatic HIV disease [n (%)] | 15 (25.4) | 16 (14.0) | 0.09 |
| CD4 count (cells/mm3) | 386 ± 233 | 435 ± 185 | 0.04 |
| Hemoglobin (g/L) | 94 ± 15 | 95 ± 17 | 0.83 |
| Assigned to vitamin A [n (%)] | 35 (59.3) | 53 (45.7) | 0.11 |
| Assigned to multivitamins [n (%)] | 30 (50.9) | 55 (47.4) | 0.67 |
| Pregnancy outcomes | |||
| Low birth weight (<2500 g) [n (%)] | 5 (9.3) | 7 (6.2) | 0.54 |
| Preterm delivery (<37 wk) [n (%)] | 16 (27.1) | 25 (21.6) | 0.38 |
| Breast milk sample characteristics | |||
| Age of child at time of breast milk sample (d) | 250 ± 152 | 253 ± 150 | 0.83 |
| Cell-free viral load (copies/mL) | 2428 ± 4889 | 186 ± 624 | <0.0001 |
a
From Wilcoxon matched-pairs rank-sum test for continuous variables and the McNemar test for categorical variables.
b
Values are mean ± SD.