Dynasore treatment inhibits HCVpp entry into polarized primary human hepatocytes (PHHs). (A) Phase contrast image of PHHs (48 hours after culturing on collagen-coated plates). Bile canaliculi were visible as widened gaps between cells (white arrows). For confocal images, cell were fixed in methanol and stained for CLDN1 (B), OCLN (C), CD81 (D), E-cadherin (E-cad) (E), and CD26 (F). In (F), both OCLN and CD26 were stained to show the relative location of TJ (OCLN, green) and apical membrane (CD26, red). (G) Pretreatment of PHHs with Dynasore (12 hrs, 80 μM) strongly inhibited HCVpp and VSV-Gpp entry. Data are shown as mean ± standard deviation. ** p<0.005, * p<0.05.