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. 2010 Sep 20;2010:957570. doi: 10.4061/2010/957570

Table 3.

Canine-matched case-control odds ratios for dichotomous owner-reported risk factors for CKD, with lower (LC) and upper (UC) 95% confidence limits.

Risk factor description Odds ratio LC UC Yrs1 noticed before Dx (SD)
Being female .968 .59 1.6
Being neutered .55 .20 1.5
Excessive thirst or drinking more than a usual amount of water: (x_thrst) 4.4 2.3 8.4 .74 (2.1)
Urinating more frequently than usual: (Ur_more) 4.7 2.2 10 .71 (2.2)
Urinating larger volume than usual: (Ur_large) 3.8 1.6 9.4 .51 (2.0)
Urinating in the wrong place: (Ur_acc) 2.7 1.4 5.4 .60 (1.8)
Unexplained weight loss: (Wgtloss) 9.5 3.4 27 .38 (1.8)
Visible loss of muscle/strength 2.0 .90 4.5
Unexplained weight gain 3.0 .81 11
Decreased appetite: (Dec_ap) 5.1 2.5 10 .43 (1.5)
Refusal to eat for > than one day: (Refusal) 11.7 3.6 38 .22 (1.2)
Vomiting (more frequently than other dogs): (Vomit) 3.5 1.4 8.7 .45 (2.0)
Lethargic (excessive sleeping, fatigue, low-energy): (Leth) 2.3 1.2 4.2 .16 (.45)
Constipation 1.7 .40 7.0
Excessive gas (flatulence) 1.6 .52 4.9
Dental problems 1.6 .64 3.9
Gum problems (oral ulcers, etc.) 4.0 .45 36
Excessive plaque or tartar on teeth: (Plaque) 2.6 1.2 5.5 .80 (2.5)
Bad breath: (Breath) 2.9 1.4 6.0 1.2 (2.9)
Excessive skin or coat odor 2.7 .71 10
Abnormal or poor hair coat .70 .30 1.6
Pale mucous membranes (eyes, mouth, etc.) 1.3 .34 4.7
Eye problems or changes 1.1 .41 3.2
Mobility problems (stiffness or limping) .62 .33 1.1
Loss of vision 1.6 .73 3.5
Loss of hearing 1.1 .41 3.2
Teeth professionally cleaned at least yearly 1.23 .73 2.1
Water always available
Outside more than just for walks .56 .26 1.2
Frequently exposed to dogs outside the household .65 .32 1.3
Sometimes or frequently exposed to mice 1.1 .53 2.2
Inappropriate urination, blood in urine, painful urination, infection, stones, cystitis, plugged, and so forth. .90 .37 2.2
Neurological disease .5 .13 2.0
Seizures 1.4 .54 3.8
Liver problems 4.5 .97 21
Dental problems 2.0 .81 5.0
Behavioral problems 3.0 .61 15
Neoplasm (cancer) .47 .19 1.1
Eye disease 1.1 .41 3.2
Glaucoma 2.0 .18 22
Ear infections or other ear problems .63 .33 1.2
Gastrointestinal problems .64 .25 1.6
Parasitic problems .46 .16 1.3
Reproductive problems
Obesity 1.6 .77 3.3
Diabetes 2.0 .18 22
Hyperthyroidism 1.0 .20 5.0
Musculoskeletal (muscles, bones) .69 .30 1.6
Hip dysplasia .33 .07 1.7
Dermatologic (skin diseases) .79 .40 1.6
Cardiovascular diseases (heart disease) 4.0 .45 36
Osteodystrophy

1Number of years before veterinary diagnosis when this disease was diagnosed or observation first noticed in the CKD case. Shown only for statistically significant risk factors.